Published on in Vol 15 (2026)

1 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Oulu, Finland
2 Future Healthcare Services Expertise Group, Northern Well-being and services, Lapland University of Applied Sciences, Rovaniemi, Finland
3 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tampere, Finland
4 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
5 Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
6 Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
7 Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
8 Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
9 Martti Ahtisaari Institute, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
10 Faculty of Health Sciences and Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
11 Optomed Plc, Oulu, Finland
12 Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
13 Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
14 Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
15 Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
16 Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
*these authors contributed equally
