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Non-Randomized Studies (funded, non-eHealth) (264) Public (e)Health, Digital Epidemiology and Public Health Informatics (2327) Epidemiology (253) Protocols for Public Health Research and Surveillance (256) Infectious Diseases (non-STD/STI) (1941) Outbreak and Pandemic Preparedness and Management (1972) JMIR Theme Issue: COVID-19 Special Issue (4235) Contact Tracing for Public Health Policy (8) Surveillance in Low Resource and Income Countries (67)

Published on in Vol 15 (2026)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/79438, first published .
Hands placing a face mask on the Earth, symbolizing global health.

The Effect of Tuberculosis and HIV on the Epidemiological, Clinical, Virological, and Immunological Trajectory of COVID-19: Protocol for a Prospective Case-Ascertained and Surveillance Study

The Effect of Tuberculosis and HIV on the Epidemiological, Clinical, Virological, and Immunological Trajectory of COVID-19: Protocol for a Prospective Case-Ascertained and Surveillance Study

Authors of this article:

Azaria Diergaardt1 Author Orcid Image ;   Etuhole Iipumbu1 Author Orcid Image ;   Sibongile Netha1 Author Orcid Image ;   Pieter Steenkamp2 Author Orcid Image ;   Libertina Shiweva1 Author Orcid Image ;   Balladiah Kizito3 Author Orcid Image ;   Gunar Günther1, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Emmanuel Nepolo1 Author Orcid Image ;   Tadesse Woldetsadik5 Author Orcid Image ;   Stefan Niemann6 Author Orcid Image ;   Chawangwa Modongo3 Author Orcid Image ;   Mareli Claassens1, 7 Author Orcid Image
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Azaria Diergaardt   1 , MSc ;   Etuhole Iipumbu   1 , MSc ;   Sibongile Netha   1 , MSc ;   Pieter Steenkamp   2 , Dip Ec ;   Libertina Shiweva   1 , MPH ;   Balladiah Kizito   3 , MSc ;   Gunar Günther   1, 4 , PhD ;   Emmanuel Nepolo   1 , PhD ;   Tadesse Woldetsadik   5 , MPH, MD ;   Stefan Niemann   6 * , PhD ;   Chawangwa Modongo   3 , MMed ;   Mareli Claassens   1, 7 * , MBChB, PhD

1 School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

2 Health Poverty Action, Gobabis, Namibia

3 Victus Global Botswana Organization, Gabarone, Botswana

4 Department of Pulmonology, Allergologie and Clinical Immunologie, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

5 Health Poverty Action, London, United Kingdom

6 Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany

7 Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa

*these authors contributed equally

Corresponding Author:

  • Mareli Claassens, MBChB, PhD
  • School of Medicine
  • University of Namibia
  • Bach Street
  • Windhoek
  • Namibia
  • Phone: +264 612063111
  • Email: mcla@sun.ac.za