Published on in Vol 14 (2025)

1 Research and Development Service, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
2 Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
4 Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
5 Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
6 Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
7 Informatics, Decision-Enhancement and Analytic Sciences Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
8 National Pain Management, Opioid Safety, and Prescription Drug Monitoring Program, Specialty Care Program Office, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, United States
9 Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States