Cataract remains the leading cause of reversible blindness worldwide and continues to impose a major public health burden, particularly among older adults in low- and middle-income countries [1]. In 2020, an estimated 79 million individuals aged 50 years and older were affected globally, representing a 39% increase in prevalence since 1993 [2]. The only definitive treatment is surgical extraction of the opacified lens followed by intraocular lens (IOL) implantation [3]. Phacoemulsification with posterior chamber IOL placement is the preferred modern technique due to its faster recovery, smaller incision size, and superior visual outcomes [4]. However, intraoperative or pre-existing capsular rupture can complicate surgery and preclude standard posterior chamber fixation, resulting in aphakia and unstable visual rehabilitation [3,5].

When the posterior capsule is compromised, secondary fixation techniques are required to achieve optical stability. The 2 widely practiced approaches are retropupillary iris-claw IOL fixation and scleral-sutured posterior chamber IOL fixation [6]. In iris-claw implantation, the lens is enclavated onto the midperipheral iris, providing a relatively simple and reproducible procedure with shorter operative time [5]. Conversely, scleral-sutured fixation secures the IOL haptics within scleral flaps using 10‐0 polypropylene (Prolene; Ethicon) sutures, offering stable posterior chamber positioning and a reduced risk of endothelial trauma but requiring greater surgical expertise [7]. Both techniques have evolved substantially, yet each carries distinct risks, such as iris chafing, pupil distortion, or suture degradation [8,9].

Comparative evidence between these 2 fixation methods primarily originates from retrospective or heterogeneous secondary IOL implantation studies [7,8]. A limited number of prospective randomized studies have evaluated their performance in primary cataract surgeries where capsular support is inadequate at the index operation. Existing studies report conflicting outcomes: some suggest lower intraoperative complications with iris-claw IOLs [7], while others demonstrate superior centration and long-term stability with scleral fixation [8,9]. Moreover, data on lens-induced astigmatism, patient-reported visual satisfaction, and postoperative quality of life remain scarce. The choice between scleral-sutured and retropupillary iris-claw fixation in primary cataract surgery requires solid evidence on their safety, effectiveness, and patient experience. This randomized trial addresses that gap by directly comparing both techniques under standardized surgical conditions. It will assess visual outcomes, complications, and patient-reported satisfaction to help guide reliable IOL selection when posterior capsular support is inadequate.

Among adult patients undergoing primary cataract surgery by phacoemulsification with inadequate posterior capsular support, does retropupillary iris-claw IOL implantation provide comparable or superior visual and surgical outcomes compared with scleral-sutured fixation of single-piece foldable IOLs?

This randomized controlled trial hypothesizes that retropupillary iris-claw IOL implantation will achieve visual outcomes (measured by best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] and lens-induced astigmatism at 3 months) that are noninferior or superior to those obtained with scleral-sutured fixation. It is further hypothesized that the iris-claw technique will demonstrate shorter operative time and fewer intraoperative and postoperative complications, while maintaining comparable centration and patient-reported satisfaction scores.

This will be a prospective, hospital-based, 2-arm, open-label randomized controlled trial designed to compare the surgical and visual outcomes between retropupillary iris-claw IOL implantation and scleral-sutured fixation of single-piece foldable IOLs in patients undergoing primary cataract surgery by phacoemulsification. The trial will be conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital (AVBRH), Sawangi, Wardha, India.

All surgical and postoperative procedures will be performed in the dedicated ophthalmic operation theaters of AVBRH under standardized aseptic conditions by trained consultant ophthalmic surgeons. Each participating surgeon will have independently performed at least 30 cases of both iris-claw and scleral-sutured IOL fixation techniques to ensure procedural consistency.

Patients aged between 35 and 75 years scheduled for primary cataract surgery by phacoemulsification, in whom intraoperative posterior capsular rupture or deficient zonular support precludes in-the-bag IOL implantation, will be considered for inclusion. Inadequate posterior capsular support was defined as one or more of the following intraoperative conditions: posterior capsular rupture with vitreous disturbance, zonular dialysis exceeding 3 clock hours, or combined zonular-capsular instability preventing safe in-the-bag fixation. All surgeons will follow this standardized definition to ensure uniform eligibility.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for study participation are summarized in Textbox 1 (see Multimedia Appendix 1 for the sample size calculation).

Eligible patients will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio into 2 groups: group A (retropupillary iris-claw IOL) and group B (scleral-sutured fixation). A computer-generated block randomization sequence (block size of 4) will be prepared by an independent statistician. The group assignment will be concealed in sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes opened only after capsular deficiency confirmation during surgery.

Due to the nature of the interventions, blinding of surgeons and patients will not be feasible. However, postoperative outcome assessors and data analysts will remain blinded to the intervention group to minimize observer bias. Postoperative assessors will follow standardized grading protocols and will remain masked to group assignment to reduce detection bias.

Both procedures will be performed under peribulbar anesthesia using a standardized phacoemulsification technique.

For group A, a retropupillary iris-claw IOL will be implanted using standard enclavation of haptics onto the posterior iris surface after thorough anterior vitrectomy. For group B, a single-piece foldable IOL will be fixated with 10‐0 polypropylene (Prolene) sutures passed through partial-thickness scleral flaps created at the 3- and 9-o’clock positions, ensuring equal centration. All surgeries will adhere to uniform intraoperative and postoperative protocols, including the use of balanced salt solution, intracameral antibiotics, and a topical steroid–antibiotic combination therapy postsurgery. To ensure reproducibility, procedural videos will be periodically reviewed by the data monitoring committee for intersurgeon standardization.

The schedule of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative assessments is outlined in Table 1.

Primary outcomes:

Secondary outcomes:

All adverse events (AEs) will be documented at each follow-up. Serious AEs will be reported to the Institutional Ethics Committee within 7 days and nonserious AEs within 30 days. A data monitoring committee comprising 2 ophthalmologists and 1 biostatistician will perform quarterly reviews of safety, recruitment progress, and protocol compliance. Any protocol amendments will require prior institutional ethics committee approval and updating of the Clinical Trial Registry of India.

Statistical methods used for data management and analysis are summarized in this section. Continuous variables (eg, BCVA, astigmatism, and intraocular pressure) will be summarized as mean (SD) and analyzed using the independent t test for between-group comparisons and repeated-measures ANOVA for longitudinal analysis. Categorical variables (eg, complications and sex) will be compared using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test. Multivariate analysis will be performed using mixed-effects linear regression to adjust for baseline covariates (age and preoperative vision). Missing data will be handled using multiple imputation under a missing-at-random assumption. Interim analysis will be conducted after 50% enrollment to evaluate safety and adherence; no stopping rules for efficacy are planned. Statistical analyses will be performed using SPSS software (version 27.0; IBM Corp). A P value <.05 will be considered statistically significant.

The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER(DU)/IEC/2024/24, dated May 3, 2024) and was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2025/03/083687) on March 28, 2025. The trial will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. Participant privacy and confidentiality will be maintained, and all data will be deidentified prior to analysis and publication. Data will be recorded in standardized case report forms and entered into a secure password-protected database. All study data will be anonymized prior to analysis and dissemination. Personally identifiable information, including names and medical record numbers, will be removed or replaced with coded identifiers. The reidentification key will be stored separately in a secure, password-protected database accessible only to the principal investigator.