Elder orphans have been defined as “aged, community-dwelling individuals who are socially and/or physically isolated, without an available known family member or designated surrogate or caregiver” [1]. A US study analyzing national survey data from 6680 community-dwelling older adults estimated that about 3% were elder orphans [2]. The same study estimated that an additional 21% of those older adults were at risk. To our knowledge, this has been the only study to estimate the prevalence of elder orphans to date. Some other common terms used to describe this population are “older adults without advocates” and “solo-agers” [1,3]. Researchers and clinicians have expressed issues with the use of the term “elder orphan,” for example, suggesting it promotes stigmatization, especially when used in lay discourse [3,4]. In contrast, empirical evidence suggests that elder orphans self-identified with this term as it may raise awareness to health and social care service providers [5]. This review will use the term “elder orphans” to align with the definition provided by Carney and colleagues [1]. Their seminal work remains most cited within the population of elder orphans (including alternative terminology), making “elder orphans” a useful operational term for our review [3,6,7]. Previous work by others has recommended targeting social isolation and loneliness as priority areas for improving the health and well-being of elder orphans [8,9]. As summarized in a recent review, isolation is typically defined as an objective, social concept of having limited social interactions, while loneliness is a subjective concept of the dissatisfaction with one’s social connections [10]. Little is known about the determinants of isolation and loneliness in elder orphans [8]. Both isolation and loneliness are associated with declines in mental and physical health and increased mortality [11]. Based on 2 systematic reviews, the global prevalence of isolation and loneliness among older adults is 33% and 28%, respectively [12,13]. Another identified health and well-being priority for elder orphans is to prevent them from becoming unrepresented, a state where one lacks decision-making capacity, advance directives (legal documentation for health care decision-making preferences), and advocates [8,14]. Health care decision-making is complex for unrepresented patients and incurs significant, avoidable costs [15,16]. The process of planning for and documenting advance directives, also known as advance care planning (ACP), has therefore been a priority area of research on elder orphans [8,16].

Research on elder orphans is emerging, but there is still no consensus on appropriate terminology [3,5-7]. Consistency in terminology is crucial to facilitate identification of elder orphans and for resource allocation in research and services for elder orphans [1,6]. Beyond medical and health care settings, our understanding of planning to age well while remaining in a community setting is limited [8]. Based on a systematic review, aging is a multifaceted process, and planning to age well includes not only health but also psychological, financial, housing, social, and active leisure planning [17]. Little is known about planning to age well for elder orphans. In our review, planning to age well will include ACP and other forms of planning related to living arrangements, finances, and concepts linked to maintaining the psychosocial well-being of elder orphans while living in the community.

A scoping review is ideal as it can “clarify key concepts/definitions” and “identify and analyze knowledge gaps,” ultimately achieving our review objectives [18]. The objectives of this scoping review are (1) to document the definitions and settings of terms used to describe elder orphans, (2) to explore the determinants of isolation and loneliness in elder orphans, and (3) to understand the barriers to and facilitators for planning to age well in elder orphans. This review will support researchers in streamlining future work on elder orphans and identifying directions for future research. We operationalized “elder orphans” as aged 50 and above to comprehensively document elder orphan terminology according to our first objective. We have selected this age range as it has been used by major organizations on aging support such as the AARP (United States) and the National Institute on Aging (Canada) [19,20].

The review will be guided by the JBI methodology for scoping reviews evidence synthesis [21]. The results will be reported according to PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines [22]. This protocol was developed in alignment with the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols) extension [23], and a checklist is documented in Checklist 1 [23]. This protocol has been registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) [24].

The eligibility criteria were defined in advance based on the research questions and the population, concept, and context framework as recommended by the JBI. In summary, the outcomes of interest are (1) elder orphan terminology and definitions, (2) determinants of isolation and loneliness, and (3) barriers to and facilitators of planning to age well.

Sources include peer-reviewed literature using any study design, that is, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies and reviews, published in indexed literature. Gray literature, such as dissertations, theses, preprints, guidelines, reports, and blogs, will be considered for inclusion if the eligibility criteria are met. Up to 2 attempts will be made to contact authors to request for missing or additional data, if necessary. We will only consider literature published in English as translation accuracy cannot be verified due to staff limitations. Forward and backward citation search will be conducted for all relevant literature.

The search strategy was formulated by the research team, with the support of 2 librarians with backgrounds in social sciences and health sciences, respectively. Given the limited evidence available on elder orphans [8], the search strategy aims to uncover all literature related to elder orphans, hence we did not apply concept-specific terminology limiters of isolation, loneliness, and planning. The strategy was first developed and piloted in the Scopus database on October 16, 2025, to identify initial articles on the topic (Multimedia Appendix 1). Titles, abstracts, and index terms were screened to determine relevant search terms for the complete search strategy. We found that index terms were not consistently used among relevant articles. Further, very limited articles used index terms specific to our population (eg, “elder orphan” is only indexed for 2 articles and “adult orphan” is not indexed at all). After discussion with the librarians, we decided that the complete search strategy would exclude index terms. Our search strategy targets both peer-reviewed and gray literature, using a 3-step approach similar to previous systematic and scoping reviews that include gray literature [25,26]:

We refined and reconducted the search in Scopus and adapted it for the following databases on November 3, 2025: Scopus, MEDLINE ALL (Ovid), CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost), APA PsycINFO (EBSCOhost), Social Work Abstracts (EBSCOhost), Web of Science (Clarivate), Sociological Abstracts (ProQuest), Sociology Database (ProQuest), and Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA; ProQuest). We found no new terms, and the final searches were conducted on May 29, 2026, in all databases and on Google (Multimedia Appendix 2). We added the database ClinicalTrials.gov and conducted a search on October 15, 2026. Our searches applied Boolean operators (“AND” and “OR”), proximity operators (eg, W/5), and truncations (*), depending on the databases’ specifications, in all fields. Only literature published since 1993 were considered as the term “elder(ly) orphan” was first introduced then [1].

Gray literature was searched for via ClinicalTrials.gov and Google web search (first 200 results) using incognito mode to depersonalize results, as described by Brennan and colleagues [25]. For the Google web search, we used the limit of first 200 results, as compared to the norm of the first 100 [25,26], since our search continued to reveal relevant and unique articles. As elder orphans are a very specific and emerging population, we could not identify any specific gray literature databases, organizations, or websites targeting elder orphans. After discussion with the 2 librarians, we agreed that we would not use targeted website searches or gray literature databases. Literature from government, health, and social work organizations, as well as blog articles, were considered if they met the eligibility criteria.

Our scoping review is expected to comprehensively document elder orphan terminology, their definitions, and their settings. We anticipate that there will be variations in the way elder orphans are described. These may include different terms to describe the same population and/or the same terms being used to describe different populations. We expect that our review will also synthesize knowledge surrounding isolation and loneliness and planning to age well for elder orphans. We anticipate limited literature surrounding these concepts of aging well as an elder orphan and instead a greater focus on the health care and medical aspects of aging well, such as physical health and ACP. Across our 3 research objectives, we predict that there will be substantial knowledge contributions from gray literature, which was not considered in previous work by others.

Our review considers only English-language publications, which may exclude relevant international articles. As with most scoping reviews, we will not conduct formal critical appraisal or risk-of-bias assessment.

Previous studies on elder orphans have recommended the use of consistent terminology, and identified isolation, loneliness, and planning to age well as some of the key research directions for elder orphans. These recommendations have been incorporated into our review objectives. While some reviews have been conducted on elder orphans, our review further uses a rigorous and comprehensive search, such as including gray literature. Prior works have focused on the health outcomes of elder orphans and planning in the health care context (eg, ACP). Our work focuses on the determinants of isolation and loneliness rather than its health outcomes. We also consider other aspects of planning and use a framework to consolidate planning into themes of health, psychological, financial, housing, social, and active leisure planning.

This protocol documents a systematic and comprehensive peer-reviewed and gray literature scoping review. Where possible, we have used means to enhance rigor and transparency. It will support researchers in streamlining future work on elder orphans and will identify directions for future research. It may also contribute to service planning and implementation for elder orphans.