Frozen shoulder (FS) is an ailment frequently seen in general practice. The prevalence of FS, also referred to as adhesive capsulitis and periarthritis, is between 3% and 5% in the general population and up to 20% in those with diabetes. It affects people aged between 40 and 60 years more frequently, including women and manual laborers [1,2]. In patients with diabetes, the incidence is 2 to 4 times higher than in the general population [3]. The prevalence of people who experience pain in the other shoulder after the first shoulder has healed is 6% to 17%, usually within 5 years. It is slightly more likely that the nondominant shoulder will be impacted [4]. The range of motion (ROM) in all directions is significantly reduced in FS (capsular pattern). It results from swelling, scarring, thickening, and shrinking of the capsule that typically encloses the shoulder joint [5]. Global fibroplasia results from a disruption in local collagen translation in FS, which is characterized by severe inflammatory changes in the capsule that point to the involvement of inflammatory mediators (interleukins, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases, tumor necrosis factors, and fibroblast activation markers) [6-9]. Synovitis-related inflammatory response in the capsule precedes the fibrotic rigidity of the capsule in cases of FS. Using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, physiotherapy, and occasionally hydrodilatation and surgical procedures is the first line of treatment for FS. For most patients, conservative treatment, which includes corticosteroid infiltration and physiotherapy, is considered a suitable choice [1]. Still, despite conservative care, up to 50% of patients claim to have persistent pain, and up to 60% have noticeable motion restriction [10,11].

Steroid injections offer strong anti-inflammatory effects for FS, but potential complications such as pain and glucose changes may prevent patients from accepting this method. Patients endure lengthy rehabilitation times accompanied by a significant degree of pain and everyday disabilities [12,13]. Hence, an alternative Ayurvedic therapy is required in treating FS.

By using Ayurvedic principles, FS can be managed effectively [14] as several studies have investigated the efficacy of Ayurvedic treatments for FS [15]. There are few published clinical studies and case reports on the efficacy of Ayurveda interventions such as laghumasha tail nasya [16], mahamasha taila nasya [17], agni karma with panchlohashalaka [18], and agni karma with tamra shalaka [19].

One study was carried out at the Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan hospital on the efficacy of mahamasha taila brihana nasya and agni karma and found significant results [20].

The 3 arms in our study were selected considering their unique mechanisms of action to adequately treat FS. Honey thermal microcautery is an Ayurvedic treatment with thermal effects. Standard physiotherapy is the classic gold standard, ensuring a robust comparator. Sida cordifolia oil via nasal route was selected considering its efficacy for vata-kapha disorders, particularly musculoskeletal diseases. These treatments were selected considering the evaluation and comparison of diverse approaches between modern medicine and traditional medicine toward optimal outcomes.

No study has been published comparing honey thermal microcautery, standard physiotherapy, and S cordifolia oil nasal administration. Additionally, no study has explored the use of honey thermal microcautery in FS. Considering these gaps, this study is essential to determine the most effective and safe therapeutic approach for FS, evaluating interventions such as honey thermal microcautery, standard physiotherapy, and S cordifolia oil nasal administration to identify treatments that optimize recovery time and minimize associated concerns.

This study is an interventional, randomized, single-blind (assessor), 3–parallel arm study to compare the efficacy of honey thermal microcautery versus standard physiotherapy versus S cordifolia oil via nasal administration in the management of FS. We will intervene using honey thermal microcautery 2 times (the first and seventh day) along with placebo capsules twice daily for 7 days. Standard physiotherapy will be administered once a day along with placebo capsules twice daily for 7 days. S cordifolia oil via nasal administration will be administered via 8 drops in each nostril along with placebo capsules twice daily for 7 days. Follow-up will be conducted on the 8th, 16th, and 32nd days. Placebo capsules will be administered to reduce the psychological effect that patients might feel from knowing that they are not receiving any oral medicine, especially in the honey thermal microcautery group, where the treatment is administered only 2 times a week.

This study aims to determine the comparative effectiveness of honey thermal microcautery, standard physiotherapy, and S cordifolia oil nasal administration in managing FS. The primary objectives are to quantify pain reduction, measured via the visual analogue scale (VAS), and assess improvements in ROM, as well as administer the McGill Pain Questionnaire and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for each treatment group at specific time points: 8 days, 16 days, and 32 days after the intervention.

The secondary objective is to evaluate and compare the sustained relief on the 32nd day in each group, defined as maintaining at least a 50% improvement in the VAS score, ROM, McGill Pain Questionnaire score, and SPADI score compared to baseline measurements.

The participants for this trial will be selected from specialized peripheral camps conducted in various urban and rural areas surrounding Wardha, Maharashtra, by the Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College Hospital and Research Centre and the panchakarma (a prominent Ayurvedic tool) outpatient and inpatient department of Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College Hospital and Research Centre.

Patients of either gender aged between 20 and 60 years clinically diagnosed as per the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision criteria code 75.00 regarding primary first- and second-grade FS will be selected.

The 2013 SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) guidelines will be followed for this study.

Simple randomization will be conducted using a computer-generated table. The participant enrollment process, allocation sequence creation, and intervention assignment will be handled by the researcher.

This study will include (1) patients who are willing to provide written informed consent; (2) patients who are fit for nasal oil administration as per classic Ayurvedic guidelines [21] (ie, those who are free of indigestion; have not consumed food or alcohol recently; or do not have severe thirst, hunger, or exhaustion); (3) patients of either gender aged 20 to 60 years [22]; (4) patients with controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (fasting blood sugar ≤140 mg/dL and postprandial blood sugar ≤180 mg/dL); and (5) patients with primary FS at the inflammatory (first) and frozen (second) stages. This study will exclude patients who are unfit for thermal cauterization [23]; patients who are contraindicated for physiotherapy (eg, those with epilepsy or a pacemaker); patients with trauma or injury (eg, dislocation or fracture of the shoulder and clavicle); patients with uncontrolled hypertension (160/100 mm Hg); patients who have rheumatoid arthritis, spinal canal stenosis, all types of malignancies, and stroke; patients with infectious conditions or systemic disorders; patients who are indicated for FS surgery; postoperative patients with FS; and pregnant and lactating women.

The participants will be assessed every day during the 7-day treatment period for procedure adherence and placebo capsule consumption. The participants will be asked to return the empty medicine container at the end of the study. Repeated phone reminders to regularly take the medicine from project staff will be given to participants or their family members.

This study involves 3 groups, each with specific treatment protocols, shown in Table 1. All 60 eligible participants will be thoroughly informed about the study protocol, and their consent will be obtained. They will be randomly divided into 3 groups: group A, group B, and group C. In group A, participants will receive honey thermal microcautery 2 times (first and seventh days) and placebo capsules for 7 days. Group B will receive standard physiotherapy once a day along with placebo capsules for 7 days. Group C will receive S cordifolia oil via 8 drops in each nostril and placebo capsules for 7 days. All baseline parameters will be recorded at the beginning of the trial. This study conforms to the SPIRIT guidelines, ensuring standard execution and ethical handling of the clinical trial. Placebo capsules will be identical in appearance, taste, and administration schedule to mimic a real medication. These will be administered alongside the active intervention twice daily after food, ensuring blinding and consistency throughout the study.

Study drugs will be stored in a secure location and administered to the participants only under the direction of the investigator. Drug dispensing records will be kept. Any imbalance in the quantities dispensed and returned will be explained.

The properties of the S cordifolia ingredients are shown in Table 2. The available S cordifolia oil of market preparation (sahastra yoga) [24] will be used. The treatment group medicine will be procured from good manufacturing practice–certified pharmacies to ensure the product’s safety and quality standards.

Oil administration through the nostrils is conducted in 3 phases [25]: preprocedure (poorvakarma), main procedure (pradhanakarma), and postprocedure (aschatkarma).

The patient’s eyes will be covered with a cloth. Eight drops of S cordifolia oil will be gradually administered one by one into the distal portion of both nostrils using the index finger of that practitioner’s hand and cotton.

A gentle massage will be administered to the forehead, cheeks, hands, and feet. The patient will be instructed to spit out any excess oil that reaches the mouth. The patient will be kept lying down while watching any symptoms that develop.

The patient will rinse their mouth with warm water and gargle. Mild medicated Curcuma longa smoke will be inhaled to clear the throat. The patient will rest in a warm, wind-free environment; follow a light diet; and drink warm water.

This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy of honey thermal microcautery, standard physiotherapy, and S cordifolia oil vial nasal administration using criteria such as the VAS, ROM, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the SPADI in patients diagnosed with FS.

Table 5 outlines the study’s timeline, highlighting each phase’s duration and overlapping activities systematically. The total study period is 24 months, including preparatory work, recruitment, intervention, follow-up, and analysis and comprises 3 cycles (ie, 1-3.5 months for the drugs), including buying the drugs. Recruitment of the staff, procuring the equipment, and finalizing the case report form (CRF), among other related activities, were completed in the initial phase, not throughout the full 24 months. Participants will be recruited over 16 months, the treatment period will last 7 days, and the last follow-up will be on the 32nd day. Data compilation, analysis, report preparation, and publication will be conducted during the last 3 months.

Computer-generated random numbers will be used to create a randomization chart. The participants will be randomized at a ratio of 1:1:1. To guarantee that treatment assignments are balanced, allocation sequence creation will be conducted using permuted blocks and provided in a randomized table. The researcher will enroll and give the participants an intervention and allocation sequence.

All the details entered in CRFs will be collected, and each participant will be provided with a unique enrollment number. The signed consent forms, along with the CRFs, will be placed in locked cabinets, and all electronic data will be password protected. Data access will be limited to the principal investigator and coinvestigator during and after the study. For dropouts, 10% of the data will be imputed using proper techniques, and efforts will be made to collect data for at least 1 month after enrollment.

Emergency unblinding will be conducted only if necessary for the participant’s safety or clinical management. If needed, the investigator will follow the emergency unblinding procedure. The allocation will not be revealed to the participant or study personnel unless necessary for patient care. All unblinding events will be recorded in the CRF.

One-way ANOVA will be applied to compare the means of the 3 groups. If ANOVA indicates a significant difference, post hoc tests will be further applied (eg, the Tukey honestly significant difference test) to identify which group differs. A P value of <.05 will be considered statistically significant. Covariates such as age and baseline severity will be considered, and adjustments will be made using analysis of covariance if needed. The analysis will be intention to treat, with missing data handled through multiple imputation. Statistical assistance will be provided by a statistician or someone skilled in statistics. We will use SPSS (version 26; IBM Corp) for statistical analysis.

All study interventions and treatments will be provided completely free of cost, and participants will not be charged for any procedures, assessments, or related expenses.

Patients will be allowed to continue their allopathic medications for diabetes mellitus and hypertension, anticoagulant therapy, or hormonal medications as per their existing treatment regimen. Any analgesics will be discontinued during the study period to prevent bias or interference with the study outcome. The investigator will record any medication taken by the patients other than the protocol drugs via any route.

A group of 20 participants will receive honey thermal microcautery, another group of 20 participants will receive standard physiotherapy, and another group of 20 participants will receive S cordifolia oil through the nasal route. All 3 groups will receive the treatment for 7 days. On the 8th, 16th, and 32nd days, we will assess the patients using the VAS, the SPADI, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and ROM. We will compare the changes before and after therapy. We expect that the interventional group, specifically the honey thermal microcautery group, will exhibit statistically significant outcomes.

The study evaluated the efficacy of mahamasha taila brihana nasya, administered as 8 drops in each nostril per session, over 2 sessions spaced 7 days apart, along with 3 sittings of agni karma performed once weekly on the same day. In contrast, the third group (group C), both mahamasha tailabrihana nasya and agnikarma were administered. The assessments were taken on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 using the VAS, the SPADI, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and ROM goniometric examination. Improvement was observed in all 3 groups, especially the group in which both treatment modalities were administered.

A systematic review [32] compiled different studies on FS and thermal microcautery.

Van’t Hoff’s principle states that, for every degree that the body temperature rises, the body’s basal metabolism increases by a specific proportion. An increase in temperature causes muscles to relax, which reduces discomfort and inflammation associated with muscle spasms. This can be achieved via thermal microcautery [33]. Similar to infrared fomentation, the light waves cause inflammation to be reduced by penetrating deeper into the body; thermal microcautery similarly causes the local capillaries to dilate, improving the blood supply to the affected area and eliminating inflammatory compounds [34].

Physiotherapy, such as wheel and step ladder exercises, aids in FS by enhancing joint mobility and flexibility. Wheel exercise allows for gradual stretching, whereas step ladder exercise improves shoulder strength and ROM. Together, they facilitate functional recovery and improve ROM. Our hypothesis is that honey thermal microcautery will yield more effective results than standard physiotherapy and S cordifolia oil via the nasal route because of its instant and satisfactory benefits. This research may guide future studies, incorporating traditional and modern methods, thus providing a well-rounded treatment for FS. This study seeks to guide clinical decisions by systematically comparing these interventions, enabling the choice of a more effective and individualized treatment for FS. This study compares diverse interventions, uses multidimensional assessment tools, and integrates Ayurvedic principles with modern therapy. It provides a new perspective into honey thermal microcautery; thus, clinicians can fine-tune effective treatments for FS. The limitation of this study is the small sample size, which, while adequate for preliminary insights, may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future studies with larger cohorts and extended follow-up periods are recommended to validate and enhance the applicability of the results. The primary findings will establish that honey thermal microcautery, standard physiotherapy, and S cordifolia oil via nasal administration effectively manage FS, ultimately determining which provides the best outcome.

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of S cordifolia oil administered through the nasal route, honey thermal microcautery, and standard physiotherapy for treating FS. We highlight that these are just preliminary theories based on available data, even though we anticipate that regular physiotherapy and honey thermal microcautery will show notable benefits. We will draw final conclusions about the efficacy of each treatment once data collection and analysis are finished.