In order to achieve the abovementioned objectives, we propose to conduct a single-center, single-blinded, 2-group randomized controlled trial. A group of patients who use the LeoMed patient-tailored telecare platform will be compared to a group of patients who have access to usual care. As mentioned earlier, the study will be conducted at CHUM.

All patients aged over 18 years who undergo elective day surgery under general or regional anesthesia at CHUM will be eligible. All included patients must (1) have internet access and (2) understand written and oral French or English. Patients were possibly excluded at two stages: (1) before randomization, if they were unable to learn and use the digital technologies or if they refused to participate, and (2) after randomization, in cases of conversions from outpatient to inpatient hospitalization on the day of surgery or in cases of last-minute postponement of the surgery to a later date. Figure 1 shows the trial flowchart.

Eligible patients will first be approached by telephone by a member of the research team when the preoperative clinical appointment is booked. During the preoperative clinical assessment, patients will receive both oral and written information on the study by a research nurse not involved in patient care. Patients will be included in the trial only after a research nurse has obtained written informed consent.

All included patients will be electronically randomized into the intervention group or the control group. Randomization will be performed by one of the investigators using the MedSharing Randomizer for Clinical Trial web application. The 2 groups will be balanced at a 1:1 ratio. Patients who are recruited but do not receive surgery within the study time frame will be secondarily excluded.

The study will be single-blinded. Statisticians will assess the primary and secondary outcomes, blinded to the randomization group. However, due to the nature of the intervention, neither the patients nor the care providers will be blinded to the randomization.

During the recruited patients’ visits to the preoperative clinic, they will benefit from safe and restricted web access to the LeoMed telehealth platform. After confirmation of the date of surgery, patients will be allocated according to the randomization list to the intervention group or the control group.

The day before their surgery, patients will receive an email or SMS notification encouraging them to access the LeoMed platform. The platform prompts patients to click on links that direct them to the digital portal of the CHUM website, where all health sheets describing the perioperative pathway are published and grouped together, and preoperative psychological empowerment video resources are available that have been specifically created with the help of the CHUM communications service.

Postoperatively, notifications will be sent to the participants every day during the first 4 days. These notifications will direct patients to online forms assessing their medical condition. The questionnaires used are derived from the Brief Pain Inventory [18] and the Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ; Quebec Public Health Expertise and Reference Center in English) [19], which suggests using a simple questionnaire with 4 items for identification of surgical site infections. The items include redness at the surgical site, presence of pus at the surgical site, fever, and wound pain.

The LeoMed platform will automatically classify patients’ responses using an artificial intelligence algorithm and generate alerts on the home page. The home page is displayed on a giant screen on CHUM’s telehealth service, which will offer tailored support according to patients’ clinical need.

Health support will be provided by CHUM’s telehealth service, which comprises a team of 50 nurses. This department is a 24/7 call center that manages many telecare platforms dedicated to remote patient support for various medical specialties. All the staff of this service are trained in new technologies. Their mission is to provide health care remotely and to coordinate the interventions of different medical and paramedical personnel within the hospital. Specifically for this project, patient responses appear on a giant screen in the main open space where the CHUM telehealth service nurses work. In the event of an alert, a nurse will contact the patient within a maximum of 8 hours and provide appropriate care.

On postoperative day (POD) 15 and 30, the LeoMed platform will send a follow-up form that aims to evaluate all indicators considered in the medicoeconomic analysis. All the indicators are detailed in Table 1.

Participants assigned to the control group will be followed up according to usual care, which consists of a telephone call the day before the procedure as a reminder of safety instructions. Postoperative follow-up is not standardized and remains specific to each surgical specialty. Access to a limited version of the LeoMed platform will also be given to these participants during the preoperative clinic visit. This version includes a preoperative questionnaire and follow-up forms at POD 15 and POD 30 that are identical to those received by the intervention group and collect the indicators considered in the primary analysis (Table 1). Like the patients in the intervention group, the control patients will have 24/7 access to the provincial or CHUM health information lines, if needed.

The primary outcome will be the cost-effectiveness of the LeoMed telecare platform deployment assessed by its direct costs, including unanticipated cancellations on the day of surgery due to preoperative instructions not being followed, calls to the local CHUM health information line, calls to the Quebec health information line (ie, 811), visits to the emergency department, and unplanned readmissions or medical visits (to family doctors or outpatient clinics) for problems related to the procedure within the first 30 days after the procedure.

The secondary outcome considered for the cost-utility analysis will be quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). According to a recent update of the guide for economic evaluation published by the French National Authority for Health [20], the EQ-5D-5L visual analog scale (VAS) is the preferred measure used to assess quality of life and to derive utility values for use in health technology appraisals. It will be assessed at POD 30 and compared with the preoperative baseline [21]. The EQ-5D-5L VAS is a questionnaire that is well validated. It includes 5 dimensions, each describing a different aspect of health: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Patient satisfaction with care services will also be assessed.

Data for primary and some secondary outcome measures will be collected from the LeoMed platform until POD 30, with the exception of same-day cancellations. These data will be collected on POD 1 from the electronic medical record (EMR) system by 1 member of the research team (Table 1). In the absence of spontaneous responses from patients at POD 30 or if the forms are incomplete, patients will be called by one of the research assistants to assess the indicators included in the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses. If a postoperative event is reported via the form, the patient will also be contacted personally by telephone.

For each patient, data will be systematically registered and archived on a local secure server. Patients will be identified using a unique numeric code, and all patient data will be anonymized to ensure confidentiality. All data will be extracted and cross-referenced with Oacis (Telus Health), the EMR system used at CHUM.

Data analysis will be performed by a team of researchers at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales in Montreal, Quebec, using SPSS (version 28; IBM Corp). All data will be analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Descriptive statistics will be reported as frequencies and proportions for categorical data and means and standard deviations for continuous variables. Demographic data for the 2 groups of patients will be compared using the Mann-Whitney U test (for ordinal data), the chi-square test (for nominal data), and a 2-tailed t test (for continuous data).

Considering the Canadian guidelines for the economic evaluation of health technologies [22], the perspective of the health care system will be privileged in this study. Specifically, 2 main types of analyses will be carried out. First, all interventions in both groups related to surgery (calls to the provincial or CHUM information lines, visits to the ambulatory unit, hospital readmissions, and visits to the emergency department) will be recorded during the study to perform the cost-effectiveness analysis. Second, a cost-utility analysis will be conducted to quality-weight each effectiveness outcome measured in QALYs. QALYs will be calculated as life with the health state under study multiplied by the utility associated with that health state. CHUM’s internal data will be used to determine the cost of health care staff and the average cost of an emergency room visit for the clientele concerned in fiscal year 2019-2020. For hospitalizations, we will use the average costs calculated according to the American diagnosis-related groups method, which was applied at CHUM in 2019-2020. Technology costs will be estimated based on license prices in effect at the time of the study and amortized on a straight-line basis over a 5-year period. All calculations will be in Canadian dollars. Last, patient satisfaction with care services will be measured in both groups at the end of the trial using Likert scales adapted from Sicotte et al [23]. This protocol follows the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendation for Interventional Trials) 2013 Statement for trial protocols [24].

There are very few studies that have examined the effects of digital solutions for personalized support and follow-up for patients undergoing day surgery. We based our sample size calculations on Jaensson et al [25], assuming that a better postoperative recovery (ie, decreased symptoms and complications) should reduce the number of postoperative calls to the health information line, visits to the emergency department, unplanned readmissions and medical visits, and the associated costs (our primary outcome). Jaensson et al [25] reported better recovery (based on the global Swedish Web Version of the Quality of Recovery [SwQoR] score) in an intervention group (ie, day surgery patients using a recovery assessment mobile phone app) compared with a control group (standard care) on POD 7 (effect size 0.21; P<.001). With a significance level of .05 and a statistical power of .90, G*Power (Heinrich Heine University) generated a group size of 357. To allow for a 20% rate of loss to follow-up and protocol deviations, we thus aim to recruit 500 patients per arm. In the third quarter of 2019, CHUM provided nearly 630 outpatient surgical stays per month on average. Considering 70% of patients should be eligible for the study [26], it will take about 12 months to recruit 1000 patients.

The study conforms to the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. The project has been approved by the institutional review board and research ethics committee at CHUM (21.110). The trial was registered at the ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04948632). If any protocol amendments are needed, research committees and the institutional review board at CHUM will be asked to approve them. Participant recruitment began in August 2022.

Outpatient surgeries have been significantly increasing in the last decade in Canada, with more than 1.8 million interventions being performed annually [2]. These surgeries were historically restricted to low-risk interventions, but recent improvements in anesthesia care and the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques have resulted in moving some higher-risk interventions to day-surgery pathways. Limitations in the number of hospital beds due to the COVID-19 pandemic have probably accelerated the transition toward outpatient surgery. Nowadays, major procedures, including intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, orthopedic, and endovascular surgeries, are commonly performed as ambulatory surgeries [27-29].

In addition, the number of elderly patients undergoing same-day surgery is set to increase. In 2010, the American Ambulatory Surgery survey showed that among patients who underwent day surgery, 35% and 15% were aged 65 years or older and 75 years or older, respectively [30]. The burden of comorbidities in patients undergoing day surgery also has changed. Nowadays, patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status III and IV are commonly eligible. These older patients with more comorbidities are sent home on the day of surgery, raising questions about quality of recovery and prognosis.

To resolve these issues, digital health solutions represent an attractive option. They have been highlighted by the World Health Organization as a potential lever to increase quality of health, enhance equality of care, and reach more patients, including those in rural areas [31]. As mentioned earlier, LeoMed’s telehealth platform is specifically designed to offer perioperative support and follow-up for outpatient care. The platform was developed by the LeoMed company in partnership with members of the anesthesia department at CHUM to meet the challenges of patients’ perioperative day-surgery pathways.

One challenge is ensuring optimal communication of the measures that should be followed preoperatively to promote rapid postoperative recovery. In our institution, patients are informed of these preoperative measures during their visit at the preoperative clinic. The average time between this preoperative visit and the surgery is often one to several weeks. In the intervention group, we again provide all the documents containing the useful preoperative information in a text message sent the day before the intervention. Ideally, we would have liked to provide this information 48 to 72 hours in advance to give patients more time to read and assimilate it. Unfortunately, the operating program is confirmed only on the day before surgery due to institutional COVID-19 policy.

In the postoperative context, several studies have shown that telehealth reduces the use of opioids and improves quality of recovery [25,32,33]. We previously showed that the prevalence of moderate to severe postoperative pain after ambulatory surgery ranges from 21% to 30% at 24 hours, and as much as 24% to 43% at 7 days [12]. Inadequate pain relief is one of the main risk factors for impairment of patients’ overall quality of life after surgery [14] and can lead to inappropriate postoperative use of opioids [13]. Yet, to our knowledge, no study has demonstrated solid economic effects at the health-system level [34,35]. Hence, the lack of medicoeconomic data does not encourage government institutions and public medical insurance to recognize and promote the use of mobile technologies for outpatient surgeries. This trial aims to fill this gap.

We propose to conduct a randomized controlled trial that is single-center, which represents the main limitation of our study protocol. Indeed, we will not be able to generalize our findings to ambulatory centers that perform other types of surgical procedures, specifically minor procedures. This limitation must be balanced with the difficulty of developing and implementing the same telehealth solution in many hospitals. Moreover, technical challenges, costs, and data security issues might represent barriers to the successful implementation of similar telehealth solutions in other settings.

This trial will help determine the cost-effectiveness of telehealth when used in the perioperative context. The trial is also necessary because it will improve knowledge about postoperative pain and adverse effects after day surgery. Outpatient surgery will not remain at low risk of complications for long. Nowadays, many procedures previously requiring hospitalization are evolving toward day-surgery pathways, and monitoring of potential adverse events is mandatory to control associated costs. This study will provide a clearer view of patient-reported outcome measures after outpatient surgery.