Canada is a racially and culturally diverse country, much of which has been fueled by immigration and settlement of racial minority groups from Asia, the Caribbean, and Africa since the 1960s [1,2]. Today, Canada is one of the most popular immigrant destinations globally, with a growing inflow of Black migrants from sub-Saharan African and Caribbean nations [3]. Black people are the third-leading minority group in Canada, nearing 3.5% of the country’s total population, with a projected increase to 5.6% by 2036 [4]. Despite persistent attempts to support multiculturalism and racial equality in Canada, race-based social and health inequalities are still widespread [5,6]. The social, economic, and political conditions in which people grow, live, and work are largely responsible for the observed inequalities [4,7,8]. For this scoping review, we will adopt the World Health Organization’s definition of health: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” [9]. Therefore, health is broadly defined to include disease conditions; physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being; access to and utilization of health care; barriers and facilitators to health; health interventions, etc.

Black people in Canada are disproportionately affected by social and health inequalities, including poor access to quality health care, education, employment, housing, and mental health support [10-13]. The inequities produced by these social determinants of health are exacerbated by Black people’s experiences of precarious immigration status, poverty, and racial discrimination at both interpersonal and institutional levels [4,8,14,15]. Yet, Black people aged 25 to 54 years are more likely to have a bachelor’s degree or higher (41.1%) than their nonvisible minority or non-Indigenous counterparts (34.2%) [16]. In 2018, the proportion of the Black population in Canada who resided in rented dwellings (n=695,900, 52%) was twice that for the overall population (n=9,749,700, 27%); furthermore, of those who lived in rented dwellings, the proportion of Black individuals living in unsuitable housing (n=209,800, 30%) was notably higher than that of the overall population (n=1,808,900, 19) [17].

The prolonged exposure to trauma caused by oppression, colonialism, racism, and segregation among Black people in Canada has resulted in them being underprivileged with respect to access to health services and social support systems [13]. Black Canadians experience disparities in health outcomes when compared to other ethno-racial groups in Canada [18]. For instance, heart disease and stroke are among the prominent causes of death in Canada, and Black populations are among those with the highest rate of risk factors for these conditions [4]. In addition, the proportion of Black Canadians aged 18 years and older who rated their health status to be either fair or poor was higher (14.2%) than that of their White Canadian counterparts (11.3%) [4]. About 64% of young Black women between the ages of 12 and 17 years described their mental health to be “excellent” or “very good,” which is substantially lower than the 77.2% reported by their White counterparts [4]. Black Canadians experience notable social and economic difficulties that have deleterious consequences on their mental health [19]. This includes disparities in access to mental health services among Black Canadians, which may be attributed to having few Black mental health service providers in the health care system. Indeed, Black Canadians have indicated their interest in accessing mental health care services with Black service providers [20]. The mental health of youth and children in Canada has become a public health problem and has been attributed to the inaccessibility of mental health care services [21]. The Black community in particular has emphasized the need to tackle the mental health issues that are prevalent among youth and children in their communities [22]. Finally, the Black population in Canada has been disproportionately burdened with HIV in the last 20 years. In 2017, a total of 25% of reported HIV cases were among the Black population, which is noteworthy as Black people only account for 3.5% of Canada’s total population; in contrast, their White counterparts, who make up almost 75% of Canada’s population, represent only 35% of reported cases [23]. Timely access and provision of health care services are major determinants of health for people living with HIV; however, Black populations face inequities that hinder their access to health care services [24].

These disparities suggest a need for innovative research focusing on Black Canadians’ health. A scoping review of the literature chronicling existing research on the health of Black Canadians is a critical step in this regard. This project will synthesize this literature and explain the nature and breadth of research on the health of Black Canadians, as well as gaps to be addressed by future research. The findings from the scoping review will inform the creation of a knowledge hub on Black health in Canada. The purpose of this scoping review is thus to map out the scope of the literature on health (including disease conditions; physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being; access to and utilization of health care; barriers and facilitators to health; health interventions, etc).

The review will address two specific objectives:

Arksey and O’Malley [25] proposed an iterative process for developing research questions, where each modification is based on intensifying familiarity with the literature. Thus, the research question was as follows: What is known in the existing literature about the health of Black individuals in Canada?

Bibliographic database searches were conducted in June 2022. At this stage, we developed a search strategy, including the keywords to use, and searched the following databases: CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science (Multimedia Appendix 1). We completed a search for grey literature by searching Google and the websites of agencies.

A data extraction sheet will be developed and used for extraction (Multimedia Appendix 2). It is anticipated that the data categories will include standard information such as author name(s), year of publication, the purpose of the study, study population, methods, results/findings, and comments/implications. Two trained research assistants will independently read each article and extract data. A third reviewer will verify a sample of the extraction for completeness and accuracy. We will ensure that methodological quality checks are conducted to ensure the consistency, accuracy, and thoroughness of the information extracted.

Quantitative data will be analyzed through a numerical summary. Qualitative studies will be analyzed using thematic analysis to synthesize and categorize the findings of the included studies into themes (drawing from Braun and Clarke [28]). To do so, we will read the included articles several times and familiarize ourselves with the data. Subsequently, we will compile codes into potential themes, group all data relevant to the potential theme, and compare data across the coded excerpts and the entire data set.

This research protocol aims to guide the researchers in conducting research using a method that entails exploring and mapping literature and identifying research gaps in the health of Black Canadians.

Several study protocols or reviews have been published on the health of Black Canadians. However, these tend to focus too narrowly on specific aspects of health and often neglect a more comprehensive picture. Nguemo et al [29] performed a scoping review of substance use disorders among Black Canadians and found that low income, economic deprivation, unemployment, the lack of health education, immigration, and limited access to treatment services intensified the rate of substance use among Black Canadians. Jefferies et al [30] described food security in African Canadian communities and indicated that food access and food availability are associated with an increase in the rate of dietary acculturation. Similarly, Lofters et al [31] noted that findings from a future review would help in the implementation of human papillomavirus self-sampling and the improvement of uptake of cervical cancer screening among women from African countries who resides in Ontario. Finally, Dogba et al [32] published a scoping review protocol to identify obstacles and enablers to participation by diabetic ethnocultural minority immigrants in retinopathy screening as well as generate results that would help in developing intervention schemes for behavioral modification.

The scoping review will evaluate various disease prevention strategies, access to and utilization of health care, and facilitators to health in Black individuals and communities in Canada. We will explore the resistance of Black Canadians in relation to the barriers they face in accessing health care services and other health intervention programs. Additionally, the impacts of social determinants of health and intersections of dimensions such as gender identity, sexual orientation, age, disabilities, language, educational attainment, and immigration status on the health of Black Canadians will be evaluated.

The completed scoping review will inform research, programs, and services as well as identify potential areas to facilitate and improve the health and well-being of Black Canadians. The findings will be relevant to a variety of audiences, such as researchers, policy makers, stakeholders, health care providers, clinicians, and governments who strive to better understand the health, quality of life, social determinants of health, and well-being of Black Canadians.

One limitation of this scooping review is the wide range of inclusion criteria. Therefore, the hand searching of the literature by the research team may result in individual interpretation of the criteria. The lack of critical appraisal and the chance of omitting relevant studies have been reported as major challenges in conducting scoping reviews [33,34]. We acknowledge some biases such as the possibility of omitting studies not captured by our search terms or databases. As there is potential disagreement among reviewers in determining the eligibility of studies, a third reviewer will resolve disagreements at all review stages.

Our review will address the absence of a comprehensive review on the health of Black Canadians by taking a broader view of health than previous efforts. We will identify the full range of research on the health of Black Canadians and categorize such work into themes reflecting specific topical areas of health and well-being. We will synthesize the literature and identify trends and knowledge gaps in each category of research articles. This effort will contribute to the development of a knowledge hub on the health of Black Canadians that will serve as a resource for the Black communities, policy makers, stakeholders, health care providers, and the government at large. Our findings will also be disseminated in peer-reviewed manuscripts and at conferences.