Malaria is still a public health threat. The World Health Organization (WHO) recorded a total of 241 million malaria cases and 627,000 malaria deaths worldwide in 2020 [1]. Further, Malaysia recorded 23,214 malaria cases from 2015 to 2021, of which 87% were zoonotic cases [1]. Malaysia is facing increasing cases of zoonotic malaria due to Plasmodium knowlesi. The number of P knowlesi cases increased from 1960 to more than 4000 between 2016 and 2018. This number declined slightly in 2019 and 2020 (to 3213 and 2609 cases, respectively), but P knowlesi infection still resulted in 6 and 5 deaths in 2019 and 2020, respectively [1].

Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. These parasites harm not only humans but also other vertebrate species, including birds, reptiles, and mammals. Plasmodium species that naturally infect humans and cause malaria in large areas of the world were limited to the following four: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale [2]. However, studies conducted by Cox-Singh et al [3], Piera et al [4], Siner et al [5], and Yek et al [6] confirmed that there is a fifth Plasmodium species responsible for zoonotic malaria—Plasmodium knowlesi.

Malaria is a vector-borne disease transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes [7-9]. The WHO recorded 4500 species of mosquitoes worldwide in 34 genera from the family Culicidae, the order Diptera, the class Insecta, and the phylum Arthropoda [10]. Interestingly, only 70 species of anophelines were confirmed as malaria vectors around the world [10]. A total of 434 mosquito species have been recorded in Malaysia [11], including 75 species of Anopheles mosquitoes [12]. Previous studies recorded the following nine species of Anopheles, which were established as malaria vectors in Malaysia: Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles campestris, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles letifer, Anopheles donaldi, Anopheles dirus, Anopheles leucosphyrus, and Anopheles flavirostris [12,13]. It is important to investigate potential malaria vectors when developing new technology for species complex identification. A potential malaria vector is defined by the vectorial capacity of a vector population to transmit malaria [14].

Malaysia is working toward eliminating malaria and preventing malaria re-establishment [15]. Effective entomological surveillance tools are the most important tools for interrupting malaria transmission [16-18], which can be achieved by designing a targeted control intervention based on the behavioral characteristics of malaria vectors [17,19-21]. For example, Anopheles balabacensis rests outdoors after feeding [22]. Therefore, vector control tools need to be developed for and applied on the walls of houses, tree trunks, bushes, or any possible resting places of Anopheles balabacensis, and existing outdoor vector control interventions should be strengthened. Our review will serve as a resource for informing entomologists, malaria personnel, and physicians about malaria vectors in Malaysia. Entomological information accelerates the process of malaria elimination by enhancing the impact and efficacy of the intervention needed [18]. The objectives of our study are to establish protocols for determining new and potential malaria vectors and to update the list of existing human and zoonotic malaria vectors in Malaysia.

The literature search was conducted in March 2022, yielding 631 malaria vector–related articles. A total of 48 studies were found to be eligible after accessing and evaluating the articles. As of early 2022, our scoping review reached the data synthesis stage. Results are expected to be published by the end of 2022 in a peer-reviewed journal.

Malaria is incredibly harmful to very young children and low-income individuals [27]. The eradication of malaria is among the best returns on investments in public health and is very cost-effective [27]. In endemic nations, including Malaysia, initiatives for preventing and eventually eradicating malaria are increasingly seen as high-impact strategic investments that will benefit public health, reduce poverty, advance equity, and advance overall development [28].

Vector control is a crucial part of malaria prevention, control, and eradication programs due to its tremendous potential to improve personal protection and reduce disease transmission [29]. The ability of vectors to transmit parasites and their susceptibility to vector control techniques vary by mosquito species and are impacted by regional ecological parameters. Vector control must be implemented on the basis of local epidemiological and entomological data. Entomological surveillance and monitoring of the coverage and effects of vector control interventions must be included in national surveillance systems in order to provide an efficient vector control response [30].

The distribution of mosquitoes in Malaysia was last reviewed in 1997, with a focus on Anopheles mosquitoes, by Rahman et al [12], but their focus was not specifically on malaria vectors. Later, Vythilingam and Hii [13] outlined the malaria vectors in Malaysia, focusing on human malaria. The desired elimination of malaria is thought to be affected by extended delays in updating information on vectors. A systematic study conducted by Bertola et al [31] on the occurrence and bionomics of potential malaria vectors successfully supported the identification of 3 new potential vectors in Europe, along with a study conducted by Sinka et al [32]. Our scoping review will provide up-to-date insights on established and potential human and zoonotic malaria vectors, which we believe will contribute to the development of strategies for achieving malaria elimination in Malaysia. However, it is crucial that Malaysian researchers continue to study malaria vectors in order to make decisions about vector control measures that will help to eradicate the disease.

The lack of current information on malaria vectors in Malaysia indicates the need for more extensive research and the systematic compilation of entomological data. The development of effective malaria interventions, such as tools for selecting vector control options and strategies and managing vector control, as well as the acceleration of the certification of malaria eradication, can benefit from such information. However, a limitation of our study is the exclusion of any unpublished data, as we aim to ensure that the sources on which our findings are based are reputable by only including peer-reviewed studies in our scoping review.

Our novel scoping review of malaria vectors in Malaysia will provide a comprehensive evidence summary of the updated status of malaria vectors. An understanding of the status of Anopheles as malaria vectors and the knowledge generated from the behavioral characteristics of malaria vectors are the key components in making effective interventions for eliminating malaria.