ResProt JMIR Res Protoc JMIR Research Protocols 1929-0748 JMIR Publications Toronto, Canada v11i7e34887 35849443 10.2196/34887 Protocol Protocol Drill-Hole Bone Defects in Animal Models of Bone Healing: Protocol for a Systematic Review Leung Tiffany Leichtle Alexander Menon Julia Bromer Frederik Duch BSc 1
Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3 Aarhus C, 8000 Denmark 45 8715 0000 fd@biomed.au.dk
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-139X Brent Mikkel Bo MD, PhD 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3475-4295 Thomsen Jesper Skovhus MSc, PhD, Dr med 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9386-6679 Brüel Annemarie MD, PhD, Dr med 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4833-0888 Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark Corresponding Author: Frederik Duch Bromer fd@biomed.au.dk 7 2022 18 7 2022 11 7 e34887 11 11 2021 18 2 2022 29 4 2022 24 5 2022 ©Frederik Duch Bromer, Mikkel Bo Brent, Jesper Skovhus Thomsen, Annemarie Brüel. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 18.07.2022. 2022

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

 Background

Bone fractures are common conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Several animal models of bone fractures have been established to help elucidate the complex process of bone healing. In the last decades, drill-hole bone defects have emerged as a method to study bone healing. Animal models of drill-hole defects are easy to standardize and do not require external fixation of the bone. However, current studies of drill-hole bone defects lack detailed descriptions of techniques and interstudy standardization.

 Objective

This systematic review aims to present a detailed description of the different methods used to induce drill-hole bone defects in long bones of laboratory animals and to provide a comprehensive overview of their methodology and potential for investigation of bone healing.

 Methods

A systematic search of PubMed and Embase will be performed of abstracts containing variations of the following four keywords: “long bone,” “drill-hole,” “regeneration,” and “animal model.” Abstract screening and full-text screening will be performed independently by 2 reviewers, and data will be extracted to a predesigned extraction protocol. The primary outcome of the included studies is the technique used to create the drill-hole bone defect, and secondary outcomes are any measurements or analyses of bone defect and regeneration. A narrative synthesis will be used to present the primary outcome, while information on secondary outcomes will be displayed graphically. The study protocol follows the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols) guidelines.

 Results

Abstract and full-text screening is ongoing and is expected to be completed by October 2022. Data extraction will commence immediately after, and the manuscript is expected to be completed by December 2023. The systematic review will follow the PRISMA statement.

 Conclusions

The strength of this systematic review is that it provides a comprehensive methodological overview of the different drill-hole methods and their advantages and disadvantages. This will assist researchers in choosing which model to use when studying different aspects of bone healing.

 Trial Registration

International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020213076; https://tinyurl.com/bp56wdwe

 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

PRR1-10.2196/34887

 systematic review animal models preclinical bone defect drill-hole fracture model bone bone healing protocol bone fracture animal model healing bone healing laboratory laboratory animal Introduction

Bone fractures are a common condition of the musculoskeletal system. A recent study reported an incidence rate of 3.6 fractures per 100 person years and a lifetime fracture prevalence of 38.2% for any fracture [1]. Most fractures heal easily if the fracture is sufficiently stabilized [2]. However, bone regeneration is a complex process involving multiple different cells and tissues [3-5]. Because of its complexity, sometimes, the healing process fails, and this may lead to fractures healing slowly or not at all [6]. Delayed fracture healing is more often seen in patients with comorbidities such as osteoporosis, diabetes, or old age [7-9]. In fact, as many as 5%-10% of the fractures devolve into delayed bone healing [10,11]—either as a significantly increased healing time or as a complete lack of healing resulting in a nonunion fracture. Patients with nonunion fractures experience lower quality of life than those with diabetes mellitus, stroke, or AIDS [12].

Owing to the complexity of fracture healing, studies performed in animals are often used to investigate the mechanisms of bone healing and test potential new treatment regimens [13,14]. There are multiple advantages of studying diseases in animal models [15]. Through a controlled environment and a homogenous population, disease pathology and temporal development can be studied more thoroughly than is possible in humans [16].

The bone structure comprises two types of bone tissue: cortical bone constitutes the compact shell surrounding the bone, while trabecular bone forms a porous network of interconnected bone found in the medullary space of metaphyseal and epiphyseal bone [17]. Healing of cortical and trabecular bones differs; cortical bone heals through both endochondral and intramembranous ossification [4], while trabecular bone heals through direct membranous bone formation [18].

Numerous methods of inducing bone fractures have been established in animal models [19], from resection of a bone segment [20,21] to fractures obtained by 3-point bending [22]. Most of these studies investigate healing at the diaphysis of a long bone [18,23]. Recently, drill-hole bone defects have been used increasingly as a model of bone injury [24-27]. While this method is less directly translational to clinical fractures, they nevertheless have several advantages in basic research: they are better suited for investigation of trabecular bone healing in, for example, the metaphysis, they are easier to standardize and require no external fixation of the bone [25]. In most fracture models, it is difficult to achieve uniform fracture fixation, and variations in fracture fixation are bound to occur. Fracture fixation is a crucial factor of optimal bone healing [5], and elimination of this variable is a major advantage of the drill-hole methods.

Currently, there is little consistency in the methodology of the drill-hole bone defects. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to present a narrative synthesis of the different animal models of long bone drill-hole bone defects and their potential use in preclinical and translational research.

 Methods Overview

This review is registered with the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; CRD42020213076) and has been written in accordance with the current guidelines of the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-analysis Protocols) guidelines [28].

 Eligibility Criteria Overview

This systematic review aims to provide a detailed description of the different methods used to induce drill-hole bone defects in long bones of laboratory animals and to provide a comprehensive overview of their methodology and potential for investigation of bone healing. This research question has been formulated following the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) framework [29].

 Population

This review will include all in vivo animal studies using drill-hole bone defects.

 Intervention

All types of drill-hole bone defects generated in long bones will be included.

 Comparator or Control Group

Studies will be included if they comprise a control group with a drill-hole defect that receives no treatment to influence healing of the defect, or if they encompass an unoperated or a sham-operated control group.

 Outcome

The primary outcome is the surgical procedure used to generate the drill-hole injury and the anatomical location of the defect. Secondary outcomes are healing time and methods used to analyze the healing of the bone defect.

 Information Sources and Search Strategy

A systematic literature search will be performed in the PubMed and Embase databases without date restriction. The search strategy consists of 4 blocks:

First block: specifies that only long bones will be investigated.

Second block: specifies that only drill-hole defects are included.

Third block: specifies that a secondary outcome of bone regeneration must be investigated.

Fourth block: specifies that all animal species can be included using a search filter for PubMed and Embase [30].

The search strategy (Textbox 1) aims to include all original animal studies of drill-hole defects as a disease model of bone fracture. The search string has been developed in cooperation with an expert information specialist of systematic reviews. Furthermore, free-hand searches in Google Scholar will be performed, and any relevant articles will be included.

Search strategy for PubMed and Embase.

First block:

PubMed: (“long bone”[Tiab] OR “long bones”[Tiab] OR tibia*[Tiab] OR “Tibia”[Mesh] OR fibul*[Tiab] OR “Fibula”[Mesh] OR femur*[Tiab] OR femor*[Tiab] OR “Femur”[Mesh] OR metatar*[Tiab] OR “Metatarsal Bones”[Mesh] OR phalanx*[Tiab] OR “Finger Phalanges”[Mesh] OR “Toe Phalanges”[Mesh] OR “Humerus”[Mesh] OR humeru*[Tiab] OR humera*[Tiab] OR radius[Tiab] OR “Radius”[Mesh] OR “Radius”[Mesh] OR ulna*[Tiab] OR “Ulna”[Mesh] OR metacar*[Tiab] OR “Metacarpal Bones”[Mesh] OR diaphysis[Tiab] OR diaphyses[Tiab] OR “Diaphyses”[Mesh] OR epiphysis[Tiab] OR epiphyses[Tiab] OR “Epiphyses”[Mesh])

Embase: (“long bone”:ti,ab,kw OR “long bones”:ti,ab,kw OR tibia*:ti,ab,kw OR 'tibia'/exp OR fibul*:ti,ab,kw OR 'fibula'/exp OR femur*:ti,ab,kw OR femor*:ti,ab,kw OR ‘femur’/exp OR metatar*:ti,ab,kw OR 'metatarsal bone'/exp OR phalanx*:ti,ab,kw OR 'phalanx'/exp OR humeru*:ti,ab,kw OR humera*:ti,ab,kw OR 'humerus'/exp OR radius:ti,ab,kw OR 'radius'/exp OR ulna*:ti,ab,kw OR 'ulna'/exp OR metacar*:ti,ab,kw OR 'metacarpal bone'/exp OR diaphysis:ti,ab,kw OR diaphyses:ti,ab,kw OR 'diaphysis'/exp OR epiphysis:ti,ab,kw OR epiphyses:ti,ab,kw OR 'epiphysis'/exp)

AND

Second block:

PubMed: (drill*[Tiab] OR burr*[Tiab] OR bur[Tiab] OR circular[Tiab])

Embase: (drill*:ti,ab,kw OR burr*:ti,ab,kw OR bur:ti,ab,kw OR circular:ti,ab,kw)

AND

Third block:

PubMed: (Heal*[Tiab] OR regener*[Tiab] OR growth[Tiab] OR repa*[Tiab] OR formati*[Tiab] OR osteogenesis[MeSH] OR “bone regeneration”[MeSH])

Embase: (Heal*:ti,ab,kw OR regener*:ti,ab,kw OR growth:ti,ab,kw OR repa*:ti,ab,kw OR formati*:ti,ab,kw OR 'bone development'/exp OR 'bone regeneration'/exp)

AND

Fourth block:

PubMed: Search filter by van der Mierden et al [30]

Embase: Search filter by van der Mierden et al [30]

 Data Management and Selection Process Overview

All studies found through the search strategy will be uploaded to the web-based screening and data extraction tool Covidence, and titles and abstracts will be screened by 2 independent reviewers. Prior to abstract screening, the 2 reviewers will practice screening of 50 abstracts to ensure a uniform screening. Then, the included studies will undergo full-text screening for eligibility by the same reviewers. Any disagreements over eligibility will first be discussed internally by the 2 reviewers, and if no agreement can be reached, the eligibility will be decided by an independent arbitrator. Following were the screening inclusion and exclusion criteria.

 Animals or Population

Inclusion criteria: Animal studies where a drill-hole defect is created in a long bone (all species, sexes, and ages).

Exclusion criteria: Nonanimal studies, human studies, and in vitro or ex vivo studies.

 Intervention or Exposure

Inclusion criteria: Studies creating a drill-hole defect in any long bone. All types of drills, burrs, or other instruments creating circular bone defects will be included.

Exclusion criteria: Bone defects created without usage of a drill, burr, or similar instruments or any bone defect that needs fixation. As this is a review of drill-hole models used as a bone healing model and not as a model of osseointegration, all studies with permanent implants placed in a drill hole (titanium, screws, etc) will be excluded.

 Comparator or Control

Inclusion criteria: Studies including a control group. Either a healthy control group not subjected to a drill-hole defect or a control group subjected to the drill-hole defect without treatment of the defect.

Exclusion criteria: Studies not using a control group as described above.

 Outcome Measures

Inclusion criteria:

Primary outcome: Information about the anatomical location of the defect, type of defect, defect size, number of defects, and depth of the defect.

Secondary outcomes: Information about defect repair, including healing time (only for untreated groups), bone characteristics (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry [DEXA], computed tomography [CT], µCT, histomorphometry, mechanical strength, etc).

Exclusion criteria: No relevant information about the method of defect creation. No follow-up of the healing defect.

 Publication Type

Inclusion criteria: Full-text original research papers.

Exclusion criteria: Any type of review, meta-analysis, or conference abstract.

 List of Exclusion Criteria for Screening

Not a full-text study

Study not written in English

Not an original animal study

No defect is created

The defect is not created by a drill- or burr-like technique

The defect is not created in a long bone

The bone injury is fixated

No control group is included

No relevant outcome is obtained as follow-up on the defect healing

 Data Collection Process Overview

All eligible studies will have relevant data extracted by a reviewer to a predesigned data extraction protocol in Covidence. To ensure uniform data extraction and to reduce the risk of error in the data extraction process, 2 independent reviewers will perform data extraction on 10 full-text studies prior to full data extraction. The extracted data will be compared to verify that there is no disparity in the extraction. Should there be differences in the extracted data, the data extraction protocol will be refined, and the reviewers will perform full-text screening on 10 new full-text studies as a quality check.

 Data Items and Availability

Data extracted from articles will include study characteristics (type of study, sample size calculations, duration of the study, number of groups, and number of animals per group), animal characteristics (species, strain, sex, age, genetic modifications, and body weight), method of drill-hole creation (description of drill methodology, type of drill-hole, size of the drill-hole, anatomical bone and site, number of defects, type of drill, drill speed, and depth of the drill-hole), and method of analysis (initial and final defect size, healing time [only for untreated groups], DEXA, CT, µCT, histomorphometry, and mechanical strength). This list is not exhaustive and may be updated upon refinement of the extraction protocol or during full-text data extraction. Data from graphs and figures will be collected with assistance of a web-based tool. All data from the data extraction protocol will be available upon request from the corresponding author.

 Bias Assessment

The focus of this systematic review is the available methods of drill-hole bone defects in the literature and not the treatment of bone defects. Therefore, we include the healing time of any untreated group, as we believe this is an important aspect of any bone injury model. However, since we do not compare or analyze any treatment effect, no assessment of treatment bias is planned. To ensure uniformity between groups prior to creation of the bone defect, allocation method of animals (both blinding and randomization), sample size calculation, and baseline characteristics (sex, age, weight, species, strains, housing conditions, and provider of the animals) will be assessed. No analysis of meta-bias will be conducted.

 Data Synthesis

The main outcome of this systematic review is methods used for creating drill-hole bone defects. Therefore, a narrative synthesis will be performed to describe all methods of creating bone defects in the included studies. Data on animal models will be tabulated to show similarities and differences in technique, anatomical location, and bone healing between the included drill-hole models clearly. Furthermore, data related to the main outcome (type of model, anatomical bone or site, and animal species or strain) will be presented graphically in bar or pie charts for improved clarity. The type of drill-hole injury and drill-hole site will also be presented and subdivided by animal species. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the injury model, bone site, and animal selection will be presented in the Discussion section.

 Confidence in Cumulative Evidence

This is a narrative synthesis of animal models for preclinical investigation of bone healing. As such, no assessment is planned.

 Results

Abstract and full-text screening is ongoing and is expected to be completed by October 2022. Data extraction will commence immediately after, and the manuscript is expected to be completed by December 2023. The study is expected to be published in a peer-reviewed journal once work is complete. The systematic review will follow the PRISMA statement [31].

 Discussion Expected Findings

Owing to the complexity of bone healing and its different healing processes, no single animal model can be used to study all aspects of the process. Therefore, the availability of different models and knowledge of their advantages and disadvantages allows researchers to choose the best-suited model based on their research question.

Drill-hole bone defects are relatively new methods used to investigate bone healing. These methods may help elucidate some of the mechanisms of bone healing in the diaphysis and especially in the metaphysis of long bones, and the interaction between cortical and trabecular bone healing. Understanding the healing processes in trabecular bone and the differences and similarities compared to the healing processes in cortical bone is highly relevant [18]. Hip fractures are common in older or osteoporotic individuals and involve healing of both cortical and trabecular bones in the proximal femoral metaphysis [32,33]. Until recently, most animal studies of fracture healing were performed at the middiaphysis, where little or no trabecular bone is found. Therefore, drill-hole defect models may increase options for preclinical studies of metaphyseal fractures, where healing of both trabecular and cortical bones can be studied. However, literature on drill-hole models suffer from a lack of standardization between studies, and often only inadequate descriptions of the applied technique are available.

Therefore, this review aims to present a systematic overview of the drill-hole methods, describe the methodologies and techniques, and highlight their potential to elucidate aspects of the bone healing process. In the future, the review will hopefully assist researchers in selecting an appropriate model when planning their study protocols.

 Strengths and Limitations

The strength of this systematic review is that it will present a comprehensive methodological overview of the different drill-hole methods and their advantages and disadvantages, and that abstract and full-text screening will be performed by 2 independent reviewers to increase reproducibility.

One limitation of this study is that some abstracts found from the search string are not written in English and cannot be included owing to the lack of linguistic proficiency in those languages in our research team. Another limitation is that owing to current lack of standardization, relevant articles may not be found if the abstract does not sufficiently describe the method of inducing a drill-hole bone defect.

 Abbreviations CT

computed tomography

 DEXA

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

 PICO

Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome

 PRISMA-P

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols

 PROSPERO

The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews

We would like to thank research librarian Janne Lytoft Simonsen from Aarhus University for assistance with developing the search strategy.

FDB is the guarantor of the review, created the search strategy, performed data extraction, and drafted the manuscript. MBB assisted with the search strategy. FDB and MBB performed the abstract and full-text screening. All authors participated in the study design, manuscript revision, and approval of the final manuscript.

None declared.

 Donaldson LJ Reckless IP Scholes S Mindell JS Shelton NJ The epidemiology of fractures in England J Epidemiol Community Health 2008 02 62 2 174 180 10.1136/jech.2006.056622 18192607 62/2/174 Claes L Recknagel S Ignatius A Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012 01 31 8 3 133 143 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.1 22293759 nrrheum.2012.1 Bolander ME Regulation of fracture repair by growth factors Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992 06 200 2 165 170 10.3181/00379727-200-43410a 1374563 Einhorn TA The cell and molecular biology of fracture healing Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998 10 355 Suppl S7 21 10.1097/00003086-199810001-00003 9917622 Einhorn TA Gerstenfeld LC Fracture healing: mechanisms and interventions Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015 01 11 1 45 54 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.164 25266456 nrrheum.2014.164 PMC4464690 Kostenuik P Mirza FM Fracture healing physiology and the quest for therapies for delayed healing and nonunion J Orthop Res 2017 02 19 35 2 213 223 10.1002/jor.23460 27743449 PMC6120140 Zura R Xiong Z Einhorn T Watson JT Ostrum RF Prayson MJ Della Rocca GJ Mehta S McKinley T Wang Z Steen RG Epidemiology of Fracture Nonunion in 18 Human Bones JAMA Surg 2016 11 16 151 11 e162775 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2775 27603155 2547685 Hobby B Lee MA Managing atrophic nonunion in the geriatric population: incidence, distribution, and causes Orthop Clin North Am 2013 04 44 2 251 256 10.1016/j.ocl.2013.01.011 23544828 S0030-5898(13)00012-6 Lavery LA Lavery DC Green T Hunt N La Fontaine J Kim PJ Wukich D Increased Risk of Nonunion and Charcot Arthropathy After Ankle Fracture in People With Diabetes J Foot Ankle Surg 2020 59 4 653 656 10.1053/j.jfas.2019.05.006 32600558 S1067-2516(19)30182-6 Einhorn TA Enhancement of fracture-healing J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995 06 77 6 940 956 10.2106/00004623-199506000-00016 7782368 Bahney CS Hu DP Miclau T Marcucio RS The multifaceted role of the vasculature in endochondral fracture repair Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015 02 05 6 4 10.3389/fendo.2015.00004 25699016 PMC4318416 Schottel PC O’Connor DP Brinker MR Time Trade-Off as a Measure of Health-Related Quality of Life: Long Bone Nonunions Have a Devastating Impact J Bone Jt Surg 2015 97 17 1406 1410 10.2106/jbjs.n.01090 Haffner-Luntzer M Hankenson KD Ignatius A Pfeifer R Khader BA Hildebrand F van Griensven M Pape H Lehmicke M Review of Animal Models of Comorbidities in Fracture-Healing Research J Orthop Res 2019 12 37 12 2491 2498 10.1002/jor.24454 31444806 Bigham-Sadegh A Oryan A Selection of animal models for pre-clinical strategies in evaluating the fracture healing, bone graft substitutes and bone tissue regeneration and engineering Connect Tissue Res 2015 06 56 3 175 194 10.3109/03008207.2015.1027341 25803622 Barré-Sinoussi F Montagutelli X Animal models are essential to biological research: issues and perspectives Future Sci OA 2015 11 1 4 FSO63 10.4155/fso.15.63 28031915 PMC5137861 Denayer T Stöhrn T Van RM Animal models in translational medicine: Validation and prediction New Horiz Transl Med 2014 2 1 5 11 10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.08.001 Clarke B Normal bone anatomy and physiology Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 11 3 Suppl 3 S131 S139 10.2215/CJN.04151206 18988698 3/Supplement_3/S131 PMC3152283 Sandberg OH Aspenberg P Inter-trabecular bone formation: a specific mechanism for healing of cancellous bone Acta Orthop 2016 10 87 5 459 465 10.1080/17453674.2016.1205172 27357416 PMC5016903 Garcia P Histing T Holstein JH Klein M Laschke MW Matthys R Ignatius A Wildemann B Lienau J Peters A Willie B Duda G Claes L Pohlemann T Menger MD Rodent animal models of delayed bone healing and non-union formation: a comprehensive review Eur Cell Mater 2013 07 16 26 1 12; discussion 12 10.22203/ecm.v026a01 23857280 vol026a01 Wittbjer J Palmer B Thorngren KG Osteogenetic properties of reimplanted decalcified and undecalcified autologous bone in the rabbit radius Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1982 16 3 239 244 10.3109/02844318209026214 6762656 Kasten P Vogel J Geiger F Niemeyer P Luginbühl R Szalay K The effect of platelet-rich plasma on healing in critical-size long-bone defects Biomaterials 2008 10 29 29 3983 3992 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.06.014 18614227 S0142-9612(08)00428-6 Brüel A Olsen J Birkedal H Risager M Andreassen TT Raffalt AC Andersen JET Thomsen JS Strontium is incorporated into the fracture callus but does not influence the mechanical strength of healing rat fractures Calcif Tissue Int 2011 02 88 2 142 152 10.1007/s00223-010-9439-z 21153023 Claes L Veeser A Göckelmann M Simon U Ignatius A A novel model to study metaphyseal bone healing under defined biomechanical conditions Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2009 07 129 7 923 928 10.1007/s00402-008-0692-9 18654792 Meadows TH Bronk JT Chao YS Kelly PJ Effect of weight-bearing on healing of cortical defects in the canine tibia J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990 08 72 7 1074 1080 2384507 Uusitalo H Rantakokko J Ahonen M Jämsä T Tuukkanen J KäHäri V Vuorio E Aro HT A metaphyseal defect model of the femur for studies of murine bone healing Bone 2001 04 28 4 423 429 10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00406-9 11336924 S8756328201004069 Vegger JB Brüel A Sørensen TG Thomsen JS Systemic Treatment with Strontium Ranelate Does Not Influence the Healing of Femoral Mid-shaft Defects in Rats Calcif Tissue Int 2016 02 98 2 206 214 10.1007/s00223-015-0077-3 26543033 10.1007/s00223-015-0077-3 He Y Zhang G Pan X Liu Z Zheng L Chan C Lee K Cao Y Li G Wei L Hung L Leung K Qin L Impaired bone healing pattern in mice with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis: A drill-hole defect model Bone 2011 06 01 48 6 1388 1400 10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.720 21421090 S8756-3282(11)00828-3 Moher D Shamseer L Clarke M Ghersi D Liberati A Petticrew M Shekelle P Stewart LA PRISMA-P Group Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement Syst Rev 2015 01 01 4 1 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 25554246 2046-4053-4-1 PMC4320440 Richardson WS Wilson MC Nishikawa J Hayward RS The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions ACP J Club 1995 123 3 A12 A13 7582737 van der Mierden S Hooijmans C Tillema A Rehn S Bleich A Leenaars C Laboratory animals search filter for different literature databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and PsycINFO Lab Anim 2021 09 24 236772211045485 10.1177/00236772211045485 34559023 Page MJ McKenzie JE Bossuyt PM Boutron I Hoffmann TC Mulrow CD Shamseer L Tetzlaff JM Akl EA Brennan SE Chou R Glanville J Grimshaw JM Hróbjartsson A Lalu MM Li T Loder EW Mayo-Wilson E McDonald S McGuinness LA Stewart LA Thomas J Tricco AC Welch VA Whiting P Moher D The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews BMJ 2021 03 29 372 n71 10.1136/bmj.n71 33782057 PMC8005924 Gullberg B Johnell O Kanis JA World-wide projections for hip fracture Osteoporos Int 1997 7 5 407 13 10.1007/pl00004148 9425497 Wehren LE Magaziner J Hip fracture: risk factors and outcomes Curr Osteoporos Rep 2003 09 1 2 78 85 10.1007/s11914-003-0013-8 16036069