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Living Labs are user-centered, open innovation ecosystems based on a systematic user cocreation approach, which integrates research and innovation processes in real-life communities and settings. The Horizon 2020 Project VITALISE (Virtual Health and Wellbeing Living Lab Infrastructure) unites 19 partners across 11 countries. The project aims to harmonize Living Lab procedures and enable effective and convenient transnational and virtual access to key European health and well-being research infrastructures, which are governed by Living Labs. The VITALISE consortium will conduct joint research activities in the fields included in the care pathway of patients: rehabilitation, transitional care, and everyday living environments for older adults. This protocol focuses on health and well-being research in everyday living environments.
The main aim of this study is to cocreate and test a harmonized research protocol for developing big data–driven hybrid persona, which are hypothetical user archetypes created to represent a user community. In addition, the use and applicability of innovative technologies will be investigated in the context of various everyday living and Living Lab environments.
In phase 1, surveys and structured interviews will be used to identify the most suitable Living Lab methods, tools, and instruments for health-related research among VITALISE project Living Labs (N=10). A series of web-based cocreation workshops and iterative cowriting processes will be applied to define the initial protocols. In phase 2, five small-scale case studies will be conducted to test the cocreated research protocols in various real-life everyday living settings and Living Lab infrastructures. In phase 3, a cross-case analysis grounded on semistructured interviews will be conducted to identify the challenges and benefits of using the proposed research protocols. Furthermore, a series of cocreation workshops and the consensus seeking Delphi study process will be conducted in parallel to cocreate and validate the acceptance of the defined harmonized research protocols among wider Living Lab communities.
As of September 30, 2021, project deliverables
The outcome of this research will lead to harmonized procedures and protocols in the context of big data–driven hybrid persona development among health and well-being Living Labs in Europe and beyond. Harmonized protocols enable Living Labs to exploit similar research protocols, devices, hardware, and software for interventions and complex data collection purposes. Economies of scale and improved use of resources will speed up and improve research quality and offer novel possibilities for open data sharing, multidisciplinary research, and comparative studies beyond current practices. Case studies will also provide novel insights for implementing innovative technologies in the context of everyday Living Lab research.
DERR1-10.2196/34567
The Horizon 2020 Project VITALISE (Virtual Health and Wellbeing Living Lab Infrastructure), funded by the European Union (EU; under grant agreement 101007990; April 2021-March 2024), unites 19 partners across 11 countries. VITALISE aims to harmonize Living Lab procedures and enable effective and convenient transnational and virtual access to key European health and well-being research infrastructures (RIs), which are governed by Living Labs. To do so, the VITALISE project itself follows a Living Lab procedure grounded on agile, user-centric, and multistakeholder-driven cocreation and testing approaches. A series of joint research activities (JRAs) in the fields of (1) rehabilitation, (2) transitional care, and (3) everyday living environments act as testing arenas for cocreating and validating the harmonized Living Lab procedures. Thematically, the JRA research protocol described in this study focuses on health and well-being research in everyday living environments among older adults.
The European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL), which is an international nonprofit association promoting and enhancing user-driven innovation ecosystems and is also the coordinator of VITALISE project, defines Living Labs as “user-centred, open innovation ecosystems based on systematic user cocreation approach, integrating research and innovation processes in real life communities and settings” [
Big data have been described as the
Personas—hypothetical user archetypes created to represent a user community—have been argued to be a powerful technique in the early design process phases to define and prioritize requirements and user needs [
Owing to increasing popularity of big data and digitalization-driven opportunities, data-driven persona development has been suggested as a solution to create more reliable personas [
The objectives of this study are described next. First, the aim is to collectively identify the most suitable methods, tools, and instruments to collect qualitative and quantitative data (ie, following a mixed methods approach) [
A solution-oriented research paradigm covering (1) ex ante and engaging (ie, research activities before the case studies), (2) in situ and engaging (ie, research activities during the case studies), and (3) ex post and engaging (ie, research activities after the case studies) phases will be used as the overall theoretical framework for this study [
Phase 1 focuses on exploring the problem space by collectively identifying the most suitable Living Lab methods, tools, and instruments for health-related research conducted in everyday living environments [
RQ1: What are the most potential data and big data collection technologies for health and well-being Living Lab research in the context of everyday living environment research?
RQ2: What are the most potential methods, tools, and validated scientific instruments for health and well-being Living Lab research in the context of everyday living environment research?
On the basis of identified needs and opportunities, a joint research protocol will be cocreated to cover the interplay among the case studies and enable open data sharing among the case studies.
Phase 2 focuses on experimentation by conducting a group of small-scale case studies in various Living Labs and everyday living environment interventions and settings, as presented in
Case study key interventions and data collection settings.
Case studies and key interventions | Virtual or auditive interaction | Sensor technology | |||
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An 8-week training period to maintain social relationships and activities that could be at risk by the withdrawal from the workplace | Virtual coaching via mobile phone app | —a | ||
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Series of cognitive and physical exercises, including 1-hour yoga exercise | Measurement of financial capacity (banking game) and cognitive status (virtual supermarket game) as well as physical activity promotion via virtual coach by using app | Wristband sensors (Fitbit Charge 3 and Empatica E4) during all activities and Muse EEGb (InterAxon Inc) during the yoga exercise | ||
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A total of 2 weekly sessions of 30 minutes during the 8 weeks training period focusing on physical and cognitive training | Windows-based software having combined physical and cognitive training (dual task) exercises | Motion capture via Kinect v2 (Microsoft) | ||
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Comprehensive physical fitness evaluation in a multistaged measurement track and recreational football playing (Spain) and outdoor fitness trail training (Hungary) for the 8 weeks period | In the case of COVID-19 restrictions, YouTube and WhatsApp group video calls will be used for virtual exercise coaching in Spain | Wearable activity sensors (SenseWear Armband [BodyMedia Inc] and Galaxy Watch 3 [Samsung Electronics]) | ||
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Explore the lived experience of the museum visit with the help of innovative technologies | Description of the museum exhibit items, including the audio version of the written information that accompanies the work and adaptive version of the information for people with disabilities | Eye-tracking glasses (Pupil Labs), smartwatch (Apple Watch or Fitbit inspire2), NIRSc system (Artinis Medical System), pressure sensitive walkway (Gaitrite, GAITRite), and APDM inertial sensors (APDM Wearable Technologies Inc) |
aSensor technology has not been used.
bEEG: electroencelogram.
cNIRS: near-infrared spectroscopy.
As a result,
Phase 3 focuses on collectively evaluating case study experiences from a Living Lab operator's point of view. A cross-case analysis grounded on semistructured interviews will be conducted to identify the challenges and benefits of using the proposed research protocols. The following RQ is defined for this phase:
RQ3: On the basis of real-life case study experimentation, what are the key challenges and critical success factors for developing big data–driven hybrid personas?
Regarding Living Lab RI harmonization objectives and RQs (RQ1 to RQ3), the unit of analysis is a Living Lab. The 9 VITALISE project Living Labs form the main sample group. The VITALISE project website provides links to Living Lab hosting organizations’ home pages, where more detailed information about each Living Lab and its infrastructure is available [
The external harmonization body members represent a wider community of Living Lab stakeholders comprising known Living Lab researchers and practitioners, health care professionals, and policy makers beyond the VITALISE project. Personal invitations are sent to persons matching the defined profile (ie, having extensive research, practical, or managerial experience from Living Lab research, projects, or organizations). The harmonization body will comprise approximately 10 to 15 persons. Finally, the open access web-based cocreation event participants will be recruited by open calls distributed via the ENoLL and VITALISE project partner communication channels such as newsletters, social media accounts, and websites.
The following eligibility criteria are common in all case studies: (1) willing and interested to collaborate voluntarily in the study and conduct study-specific activities defined in the case study interventions that vary case by case, (2) conserved the ability to understand, (3) felt physically and cognitively able to take part in the particular case study (self-assessed), and (4) signed the consent for participation in the study and data processing (transfer of the collected data to an open access database is optional and does not imply exclusion from the study). Otherwise, the sample sizes, recruitment methods, and participant eligibility criteria vary among the case studies and are defined as part of the case study intervention descriptions.
In the following sections, the interventions for developing and testing harmonized research protocols for big data–driven hybrid personas are defined based on the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist and guidelines [
Lately, Living Labs have gained increased popularity among scholars and practitioners. Although the Living Lab community is already strong and continues to grow as singular entities, it still fails to provide and function according to unified and harmonized research processes that are easily accessible and exploitable by academia and industry researchers beyond the Living Lab internal researchers. As a result, there is a need to identify and test joint research protocols, methods, tools, and devices that could act as an effective and convenient interface to Living Lab infrastructures in various research settings, including everyday living environments research using big data approaches.
The data collection methods, tools, and devices currently used by Living Labs will be collected via the following 3 different structured Microsoft Excel template files: (1) data collection devices, (2) validated scientific scales and questionnaires, and (3) Living Lab services, including prefilled service and method descriptions derived from the Product Validation in Health project’s final report [
First, by following written guidelines, each Living Lab will self-complete the provided Microsoft Excel files together with their core team members by adding new content or modifying the prefilled content. Second, structured interviews with each Living Lab will be conducted to deepen the understanding of each Living Lab’s answers using the previously filled Microsoft Excel templates as an interview notes template. If certain questions remain unanswered during the interview, Living Labs will be requested to fill the missing information afterward directly to the interview notes template, which includes open questions. Third, 2 facilitated web-based cocreation workshops—1 with VITALISE Living Labs and 1 open access event during the ENoLL web-based conference—will be arranged to collect qualitative feedback and identify new Living Lab methods, tools, and services beyond the Microsoft Excel template lists. Fourth, research protocols for the case studies are cowritten and discussed in a series of web-based workshops and sending of the documents back and forth between the key researchers from each Living Lab.
The detailed research protocol descriptions for each case study are provided in the follow-up
First, semistructured interviews (qualitative data) with VITALISE Living Labs will be conducted to identify the key experiences regarding case studies from a Living Lab operator’s point of view. In the follow-up process, a series of facilitated cocreation workshops will be conducted to define a harmonized research protocol for developing big data–driven hybrid personas based on case study results.
Interviews and workshops will be managed and delivered by a small group of experienced Living Lab researchers (ie, 3 persons) taking part in the VITALISE project and having extensive experience in planning and implementing Living Lab research projects and protocols. Support personnel will be involved in the implementation of the study (eg, for note taking).
VITALISE Living Labs will be first instructed to fill Microsoft Excel file templates by each individual Living Lab team member and then self-arrange a face-to-face or web-based workshop where team members can collectively discuss and refine the Living Lab’s responses. The follow-up Living Lab interviews will be conducted by 1 to 2 interviewers and 1 note taker in Microsoft Teams, Google Meets, or Zoom videoconferencing platform. Notes will be written interactively as the interview progresses, and the videoconference screen-sharing feature will be used to share the written information among all participants. Afterward, Microsoft Teams will be used for document and data sharing among Living Labs during the research process. Mentimeter, an interactive presentation platform, will also be occasionally used for brainstorming during the web-based workshops.
Owing to the long distances between the VITALISE Living Labs and the COVID-19 pandemic situation, all interviews and workshops will be arranged on the web using Microsoft Teams, Google Meets, or Zoom videoconferencing platforms. If the COVID-19 pandemic situation allows, face-to-face workshops will be organized as a part of the VITALISE project consortium meetings during phase 3.
During phase 1, each Living Lab’s internal workshop where they collectively discuss and refine their existing Living Lab practice responses will occur once and is expected to take approximately 3 hours. If the time is not sufficient, Living Labs will be encouraged to keep as many workshops as required to properly fill the Microsoft Excel templates. Living Lab interviews focusing on deepening the understanding regarding each Living Lab’s current practice will occur once and is expected to last approximately 2 to 2.5 hours. Living Lab interviews that focus on evaluating the key experiences regarding the case studies from the Living Lab operator's point of view will also occur once and are expected to last approximately 2 to 2.5 hours each. It is estimated that at least three (web-based) workshops with an estimated 3-hour duration each are needed to agree on the harmonized research protocols for developing big data–driven personas. After each workshop, a web-based voting procedure will be conducted to evaluate the consensus among Living Labs and harmonization bodies. The proposed research protocols will be modified until the voters reach a supermajority agreement (ie, at least a 70% acceptance rate). If an agreement is not reached during the first 5 iterations, the process will end, and disagreements regarding the research protocol and included technologies, methods, tools, and other scientific instruments will be documented.
In principle, interviews and workshop interventions follow the same principles for all participants, and modifications are not preplanned. However, if a need to make modifications emerge, they can be made.
The general aim of this case study is to test the digital coach app of the Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) by analyzing to what extent it can influence individuals’ self-efficacy and well-being by motivating older adults to practice a healthy lifestyle. Moreover, the study will also assess the system’s usability, learnability, and user acceptance. The monitoring of the effects of the coach app use may throw light on the capability of digital coaching in helping retirees maintain (and improve) social relationships and activities that could be put at risk by their withdrawal from the workplace. The study evaluations will be set up in 2 different sites: Belgium and Austria. This multisite design will allow the evaluation of the AIT coach app in different social and cultural contexts.
A total of 40 persons will be recruited via the AIT (Austria) and LiCalab (Belgium) user panel databases. Social media channels and collaborations with local authorities will also be used. Key inclusion criteria include the following: for group A, older employees in good health (maximum approximately 3 years before retirement; work continuity during the study), and for group B, retired older people (retired for no longer than 3 years). For both groups, the availability of smartphones (Android version 8.0 or up, or iOS) was a key inclusion criterion. Key exclusion criteria include age <55 years and middle-to-severe constraints in mobility or cognition (self-assessed). For group B, care dependency (self-assessed) is also an exclusion criterion.
Within the study, AIT’s digital coaching app will be provided to the participants. The software used for the trials comprises a smartphone-based app and a server component providing the content and collecting the data. Communication between the front-end and back-end is established over the internet using secure communication channels. The back-end server runs within the facilities of the AIT’s partner organization, ProSelf, to ensure privacy and security. No personal data will be stored in the cloud. A paper user manual will be provided to the participants to guide them through the first steps of installing, configuring, and using the app. Informed consent will be provided in paper form; questionnaires for collecting quantitative data will either be provided in paper form or as a link to a web-based questionnaire.
The study will follow a mixed methods design in which qualitative and quantitative data will be collected. To determine the effects of AIT’s digital coaching on the 8-week term, 2 measurements (time point 0 [T0] and time point 1 [T1]) will be conducted using standardized tests. Thus, 2 face-to-face sessions will be scheduled with participants: 1 just before the beginning of the study and 1 at the end, after 8 weeks of use. Both qualitative and quantitative outcomes will be measured. At baseline (T0, before the start of the intervention), demographic data will be collected. The following outcomes will also be measured both at baseline (T0) and after the end of the intervention (T1): patient-reported outcome measures, including health and well-being (Short Form-36 version 2) and social life (Lubben scale), self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Scale-6), and patient-reported experience measures including, UX (User Experience Questionnaire [UEQ]) and basic health measures (eg, weight).
In this study, a multidisciplinary team comprising UX experts, clinical researchers (psychologists and researchers with experience in social sciences), and support personnel will be involved in the implementation of the study. All members hold relevant experience in EU health projects and eHealth research and are experienced in planning, implementing, and analyzing clinical trials.
Within the study, AIT’s digital coaching app will be provided to the participants. Participants will be provided with a link to install the app on their own smartphones. The app will be provided individually to all participants in the study.
Sample group participants will be using their digital coach mobile app at their private homes in Austria and Belgium. This RI is classified as a combination of distributed (ie, private homes) and virtual (ie, mobile app) facilities.
The AIT’s digital coaching app will be provided to the participants over a duration of 8 weeks. For data collection, 2 face-to-face sessions (each approximately 2 hours) will be scheduled with participants: 1 just before the beginning of the study and 1 at the end after 8 weeks of use.
The aim of this feasibility and acceptability study is to evaluate the impact of physical and cognitive activity performance of older adults in a smart home Living Lab environment using a combined approach of virtual apps and several wearable sensors. This particular small-scale pilot study envisages showing us the benefits of specific types of physical and cognitive exercises combined with Living Lab technological advances. Moreover, the study will also analyze the extent to which it can influence individuals’ self-efficacy and well-being by motivating older adults to practice a healthy lifestyle. The monitoring of the effects of the virtual coach app use may shed light on the capability of digital coaching for helping retirees maintain (and improve) social relationships and activities that could be put at risk by their withdrawal from the workplace. Yoga exercises, on the other hand, will provide evidence of how the body reacts by monitoring parameters such as brain activity and heart rate.
A total of 15 persons will be recruited by Aristotle University of Thessaloniki through the collaboration and research community for independent living. Participants comprise cognitively intact healthy older adults aged >60 years, with the absence of dementia, severe cognitive impairment, psychiatric diseases, and severe cardiovascular problems.
Data will be collected using the following wearable sensors: Fitbit Charge 3, Empatica E4, and Muse EEG, resulting in physiological big data such as accelerometer, heart rate, and electrodermal activity during the interventions. Chairs will be used as props during the yoga exercises when needed. The following validated questionnaires will be used: (1) UEQ, (2) System Usability Scale, and (3) Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, along with predefined key performance indicators will be used to measure the acceptability and usability levels of the proposed protocols. The EuroQoL 5-dimensional 3-level questionnaire (Greek version) will be used to assess the participants’ quality of life. The filled-in Microsoft Excel templates will also be used as background materials and interview templates during each interview. The research protocols for each case study will be written as word documents using a structured format.
Before cognitive and physical exercises, focus group sessions with beneficiaries and clinicians will be organized for recruitment purposes and participant profile data and end users’ preferences and needs for the used technologies and interventions will be collected. The cognitive and physical exercises in a smart home Living Lab include the measurement of (1) financial capacity; (2) general cognitive status, memory, executive functions, and visuospatial functions; and (3) measurement of physical activity during virtual coaching and yoga exercises while participants are equipped with wearable sensors. After cognitive and physical exercises, focus group interviews will be conducted to assess participants’ experiences regarding usability and acceptance of the performed activities and technologies.
A multidisciplinary team comprising Living Lab experts, health care personnel, and gym assistants will participate in the participant recruitment, exercise design, and safety standard definition. Focus groups and questionnaire administration will be managed by a well-coordinated group of experienced Living Lab researchers, with 4 to 5 people taking part in the VITALISE project and having considerable experience in planning and implementing Living Lab research projects and protocols.
Scheduled visits into a smart home Living Lab will be planned for each participant. All participants will attend all cognitive and physical exercises led by a virtual instructor (exercises 1-3) or a person (exercise 4) in the following order while wearing the Fitbit Charge 3 and Empatica E4 wristband sensors: (1) assessment of participants’ financial capacity using tailored simulated Banking App [
Cognitive and physical exercise interventions will take place in the smart home Living Lab environment equipped with various technologies described previously. Face-to-face focus group sessions will be organized in meeting rooms for vaccinated individuals, whereas for the others, meetings will take place on web-based platforms such as Google Meets or Zoom videoconference.
Scheduled visits will be planned for each participant to visit a smart home Living Lab during the spring to summer of 2022. The cognitive and physical exercises will be conducted once, and their durations will be as follows: (1) simulated banking exercise for 5 minutes, (2) virtual supermarket exercise for 30 minutes, (3) virtual physical exercises coaching for 10 minutes, and (4) yoga sessions at a slow but gradually increasing pace, including breathing practice for 10 minutes, chair poses for 15 to 20 minutes, standing poses 10 to 15 minutes, floor poses 15 minutes, and a supine resting pose (Shavasana) for 10 minutes.
The interventions will be tailored for all 20 participants. Furthermore, the virtual app used during the interventions will be used in personalized mode to bring innovation.
The general aim of this case study is to test the Gradior Active prototype by assessing its usability, learnability, acceptance, and the overall experience of participants, especially in terms of how easy and pleasing it is to use or its perceived utility when embedded in active and healthy aging programs. Collection of UX during an 8-week program implementing the current Gradior Active prototype will be of most importance for the second objective, which is focused on performing a cocreation sprint to understand the challenges for optimizing the program and its implementation in real settings and services (eg, exploring ideal workflows). Ultimately, the case study results will be used to understand what is most important for the UX perspective and for developing big data–driven hybrid personas through the initially described harmonized research protocol.
A total of 30 older adults will be recruited through the INTRAS memory clinic and neuropsychological rehabilitation center customers. INTRAS has its own pre-existing testing panel of patients and participants in the active and healthy aging programs, as well as established groups of experts by experience (groups of older adults who, considering their motivations, participate in user-driven design and innovation processes). Participation will be voluntary and will follow best practices in terms of clear information in the information sheet and procedure and informed consent, accomplishing the General Data Protection Regulation, national regulations, and cognitive accessibility parameters. Participants will pertain to 2 groups of older adults aged >65 years: group A, comprising older adults with subjective complaints (for primary prevention), and group B, comprising older adults with mild physical impairment. Exclusion criteria will include participants with sensory or physical impairments that make it very difficult to use the devices (significant hearing or visual impairments) or any nutritional disorder, psychiatric conditions, or neurological problems that make the person unable to participate in the study.
In this study, Gradior Active will be provided to the participants. This is a system for physical and cognitive training that combines motion and cognitive activities with independent and unrelated purposes (
The program provides step-by-step instructions for the participants, and the sessions will be performed with the support of an experienced professional (eg, clinical psychologist or neuropsychologist). In total, 2 to 3 units will be installed and configured in the INTRAS clinic facilities with the information technology team support. Informed consent will be provided in paper form; questionnaires for collecting quantitative data and UX diaries will be provided either in paper form or as a link to a web-based questionnaire. During the cocreation sessions, easy-to-use digital tools such as Kahoot! (Kahoot ASA) to facilitate social interaction and pleasing moments in the group will also be considered.
The study follows a mixed methods design in which qualitative and quantitative data will be collected. To determine the effects of Gradior Active on the 8-week term, 2 measurements (T0 and T1) will be conducted using standardized tests. Thus, 2 face-to-face sessions will be scheduled with participants: 1 just before the beginning of the study and 1 at the end after 8 weeks of use. At baseline (T0, before the start of the intervention), demographic data will be collected. The following outcomes will also be measured both at baseline (T0) and after the end of the intervention (T1): patient-reported outcome measures, including health and well-being (Short Form-36 version 2), social life (Lubben scale), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Physical Status Scale (Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity), and (4) Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion; and patient-reported experience measures, including UX (UEQ) and usability and acceptance (System Usability Scale).
INTRAS counts with a multidisciplinary team comprising clinical researchers and technologists widely familiar with UX research and studies with digital health and well-being solutions and experts in the participatory methodologies that will be involved in the implementation of the study. All members hold relevant experience in EU health projects, eHealth research, and planning, implementation, and analysis of clinical trials. The study will be coordinated by a psychologist (panel manager), neuropsychologist (scientific coordinator), and gerontologist (project manager) with >10 years of experience in clinical services, (EU) health projects, eHealth research, user research, Living Lab research, and implementation and analysis of real-life tests.
The study evaluations will be set up in a single site in Spain with a quasi-experimental format without a control group, where each participant acts as their own control through the pre- and postdesign. The study is divided into 2 phases to accomplish the indicated aims. The first phase collects UX with the Gradior Active prototype during the 8-week testing period. The second phase will be focused on a cocreation sprint bringing the individual experience to a group discussion to understand what is linked to perceived value and opportunities for improvement based on value-driven brainstorming exercises (from the current prototype to ideal service offer). These interactive group sessions will include icebreakers, co-design methods, and adequate tools for the purposes. Testing sessions with Gradior Active will be performed individually and in a face-to-face format in the facilities of the Living Lab and INTRAS Clinic. The sessions will be supervised by an experienced therapist. Cocreation sessions will be conducted face to face and in groups. The sessions will take place with the support of 2 experienced facilitators in the INTRAS facilities. For both the stages and planned activities, COVID-19 safety protocols will be in place.
A case study will be conducted in the INTRAS rehabilitation Living Lab in the neuropsychological rehabilitation center (with access to INTRAS care centers and memory clinics as ecologically valid environments for Living Lab activities).
In the first phase of the study, Gradior Active will be provided to the participants over a duration of 8 weeks, and participants will be oriented to perform 2 weekly sessions of 30 minutes under the supervision of experienced professionals. After the end of the intervention period, the same participants who previously tested the prototype will be invited to the 2 cocreation sessions (duration: 120 minutes).
Both the prototype testing phase and cocreation phase will be coordinated considering the participant’s availability and other relevant conditions to participate (eg, transport logistics to attend the sessions). Testing sessions with the Gradior Cognitive intervention program will be supervised by an experienced professional who can intervene to provide support as required. In principle, pre- and postinterviews with assessment and workshop interventions follow the same principles for all participants, and modifications are not preplanned. However, if a need to make modifications emerge, they can be made.
With older adults, functional independence is directly dependent on physical fitness. Aging is inevitably associated with the declining functions of systems and organs (heart, lungs, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles) that determine physical fitness. However, aging is a complex process involving many variables that interact with one another, for example, lifestyle factors, chronic diseases, and genetics. Relatively little is known about the physical fitness levels needed to maintain physical independence. Many studies have shown that measurements of physical performance can predict future mobility disability, institutionalization, and mortality. Studies have also shown a strong association between measurements of physical performance and self-reported mobility disability. However, most of these prospective studies used only a few measures of physical performance or were targeted at functionally limited persons; therefore, assessments have only limited value for counseling. Therefore, this case study will develop and test a physical fitness testing protocol for older adults in real-life settings in 3 countries: Finland, Spain, and Hungary.
In Finland, the sample group will comprise older adults aged >67 years. To recruit older adults with varying physical fitness levels, the following strategy will be applied: open calls to promote free of charge physical fitness level measurement as part of a research project will be published in local newspapers and social media channels in collaboration with the local city administration responsible for older adult services. Furthermore, the collaboration will be conducted with selected nursing home administrators to recruit participants with weaker physical fitness levels directly from nursing homes. It is estimated that approximately 200 to 400 persons will be recruited via open calls and approximately 50 persons from nursing homes. In Hungary, the sample group will comprise people aged >55 years. Social media, posters in outdoor trails and fitness parks, former contact lists, and snowball sampling will be used to recruit the participants. It is estimated that 30 to 50 persons will be recruited; however, because of dropouts during the training program, only 20 are expected to take part in the posttest. In Spain, the main target sample will be men and women aged between 60 and 80 years. of Participants will be recruited in collaboration with the city council of Gernika-Lumo, local nursing homes, and retiree associations. It is estimated that 20 to 40 people will be recruited from all collaborative organizations.
Each participant will have to fill in an informed consent form before any measurements. Participant consent forms are tailored to meet the General Data Protection Regulation standards and local ethical requirements in Finland, Spain, and Hungary. A total of 2 similar score sheets will be created for the physical fitness measurements, 1 for the participant and 1 for the researchers. General reference values and the interpretation of the results will be presented after the measurement session. This material will also be displayed on the webpages for the participant to view later. Participants will also fill a self-completion quality of life questionnaire (World Health Organization Quality-of-Life) before the test and UEQ at the end of the test. The security of the participants in the event will be carefully designed and considered. A security plan has been developed and will be gone through for all participating event staff members. For the assessment or measurement, simple materials will be used, including stop watches, tape measures, chairs, hand weights (3 kg and 5 kg), and cones.
Approximately 40 participants in Finland and all participants in Spain and Hungary will receive armband sensor devices (SenseWear Armband; BodyMedia Inc), which will measure their physical activity levels on a daily basis for 24 hours. During the measurement period, participants will also be keeping a diary. In Finland, other equipment will include a Jamar hand dynamometer (JWL Instruments), Tanita MC-780MA body composition analyzer, peak expiratory flow measurements (Mini Wright; Clement Clarke International), and a standout smart balance board (Smartifier Ltd). In Hungary, participants will receive information regarding the 8-week training program and related relaxation exercises. The training program uses a 1.5 km outdoor fitness trail with 19 physical exercise stations equipped with information boards, which show different variations in how to use the stations and how to get to the next station. In Spain, the Standout Balance Board and Xiaomi Miband 5 will also be used. A small group of participants will receive a smart wristband watch (Galaxy Watch 3), which measures the average daily activity performed on a 4-day basis. The training program will be based on recreational football playing.
The following physical fitness components will be covered in the physical fitness test in Finland and Spain: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength and endurance, balance, agility, speed, flexibility, and body composition. After signing the consent form and filling the quality of life questionnaire (World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale), the participants will go through the following measurement points step by step in selected locations (ie, sports halls, nursing homes, fitness parks, and outdoor facilities): (1) 6-minute walk test or nonexercise cardiorespiratory fitness test, (2) handgrip strength test, (3) 30-second arm curl test, (4) 30-second chair stand test, (5) Smartifier balance board test, (6) 8-foot up-and-go test, (7) backward walk test, (8) 10 m walk test, (9) chair sit-and-reach test, (10) back scratch test, (11) height and body composition measurements, and (12) peak expiratory flow measurement. In Hungary, which is used as a control group, physical fitness will be measured by following a protocol defined in the senior fitness test manual [
In Hungary and Spain, the physical fitness testing battery will be used to determine the baseline (T0, before the start of the training program intervention) and conduct the postmeasure (T1) at the end of the 8-week training program. Participants’ daily activities will also be measured with the armband device for 4 days during the training period. In addition, in Spain, some of the participants will also use a smart wristband watch (Galaxy Watch 3). In Hungary, the training program will include outdoor training on fitness trails with 19 stations in a 1.5 km route. Feedback will be collected from participants after the training intervention. In Spain, outdoor training on recreational football will be performed in a network of distributed resources and public spaces. Feedback will be collected from participants after the training intervention.
In Finland, physiotherapy students will collect the materials under the supervision of experienced physiotherapy teachers and VITALISE project team members. The testing protocol will be introduced and trained for the students on a separate occasion before the measurement events. VITALISE project team members have extensive experience in planning and implementing Living Lab research projects and protocols in health and well-being research settings. In Hungary, Trebag staff will assist in the data collection of physical fitness tests with the guidance of an experienced and qualified leader. Outdoor fitness occasions will be facilitated by qualified coaches. In Spain, the Gaia staff will assist in data collection of the physical fitness tests, together with students of science degree in physical activity and sport from Deusto University, who will also assist in the fitness occasions.
During the measurement day in Finland and Spain, there will be an open access period when measurements will be conducted by following the walk-in principle. Participants will circulate individually from the measurement point to another, where they will receive instructions from students (physiotherapy or similar). After finishing the measurement track, participants will go to the meeting point where general reference values and the interpretation of the results can be self-read from the presented materials. At the meeting point, participants will also fill the UEQ questionnaire. In Hungary, the process will be similar; however, participants will be invited, and the measurement track will be based on a protocol defined in the senior fitness test manual [
The physical fitness testing protocol will be first run in Finland. Following this, modifications will be made to the testing protocol if needs for change are identified based on participant feedback. The same or revised protocol will then be used in Spain to collect cross-country data. In Hungary, a different protocol [
The participants receiving the armband device will be invited to a specific location (eg, university campus), where they will receive detailed information about the test and how to keep the activity diary. In Spain, some of the participants will also receive a Galaxy Watch 3 device, which is used for similar purposes as the armband device. In Finland, participants will keep the device for 1 day (24 hours). In Hungary and Spain, participants will keep it for 4 days (96 hours). Owing to the limited number of devices and device rotation, the measurement time will vary between participants.
In Hungary, outdoor training on fitness trails will be introduced by guided visits where participants can try to experience fitness station activities with the help of a qualified trainer. In the fitness stations, participants will perform exercises with their own body weight. At the stations, boards will show the planned, recommended tasks that participants can perform by 3 variants and how to get to the next station. Feedback collection and postmeasurement (T1) will be conducted after 8 weeks of training interventions.
In Spain, outdoor training on recreational football will be performed in a network of distributed resources and public spaces. Owing to possible COVID-19 restrictions, web-based sessions will be organized if physical restrictions are in place, following 2 methodologies if needed: through live sessions with the instructors and through tutorials so the users could watch them at any time, which will be available on the Gaia Cluster YouTube account. For group web-based exercises (where users are at their homes), WhatsApp group video calls will be used. In these calls, the monitors will bring the classes home and give instructions so that the participants can feel part of the group again. Feedback collection and postmeasurement (T1) will be conducted after 8 weeks of training interventions.
In Finland, the open access measurement day will be arranged in a big sports hall and in a few nursing homes. Participants participating in 24-hour measurements will perform their normal daily activities; thus, the location can cover home and various indoor and outdoor environments. In Hungary, the premeasurement day will take place at the Trebag premises and the Rákospalota Elderly Centre. The 8-week training program will take place at protected natural parks in Budapest, which are equipped with various fitness equipment. In Spain, the open access measurement day will be arranged in a public space in the Gernika-Lumo municipality and, possibly, in a nursing home as well. Participants participating in the 96-hour measurements will perform their normal daily activities; thus, the location can cover home and various indoor and outdoor environments.
The first measurement events in each country will happen for 1 or 2 days in spring to summer of 2022 at a spacious venue (eg, sports hall, gym, or similar space having enough space to establish the measurement track). Each participant will complete the measurement track once, which will take approximately 20 to 25 minutes in Finland and Spain and 15 to 20 minutes in Hungary. In Finland, the main measurement events will take place first, and smaller measurement events in nursing homes will take place soon after the main measurement session. Participants with armband sensor devices will keep the device for 1 day. In Hungary, after the measurement event, the outdoor fitness training program will start, and it will last for 8 weeks. Participants with armband sensor devices will keep it for 4 days. In Spain, outdoor physical interventions will last for 8 weeks after the measurement event.
Participants are expected to participate in all measurement points and preplanned activities; however, they can choose to take part in only a selected number of tests and activities, as participation will be voluntary. The physical fitness testing protocol will be first run in Finland. Modifications will be made to the testing protocol if needs for change are identified based on participant feedback. Thus, it is possible that, in Spain, a slightly modified version of the measurement track will be used. However, for each study participant, the track will be identical.
Although there are studies that have explored the impact of a museum experience on healthy older adults or individuals with acquired and degenerative neurological conditions [
In Canada, a total of 30 persons will be recruited via a patient contact list from a rehabilitation hospital and the Association Québécoise Des Personnes Aphasiques. In Greece, a total of 20 persons will be recruited via collaboration with the B Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital. All participants will be aged between 55 and 85 years, have normal or corrected vision and hearing, and walk independently with or without technical aids. Group A will comprise 15 persons with stroke, including 6 with mild or mild to moderate aphasia in Canada and 10 people with stroke, including 4 with mild or mild to moderate aphasia in Greece. Group B will comprise 15 healthy controls for Canada and 10 healthy controls for Greece. For both groups, the key exclusion criteria will include (1) postural and balance disorders, (2) severe psychiatric disorders (excluding depression or anxiety), (3) recent history of alcohol or substance abuse, (4) general anesthesia within the past 6 months, (5) pain >2 on the visual analog scale, and (6) >10 on the GDS. In group A, participants with severe or global aphasia or scoring <20 in a mini mental state examination (MMSE) will be excluded. In group B, participants having a <26 score in MMSE will be excluded.
The physical spaces of the museums (benches, stairs, exhibition halls, and vestibules), works of art (paintings and sculptures, casts, and antiquities), and audio guides will be used in the study. Furthermore, the following technologies will be used both in Greece and in Canada to monitor the participants before, during, and after their visit: (1) Pupil Labs eye-tracking glasses and (2) smartwatch (eg, Apple Watch or Fitbit 4). In Canada, additional materials will be used for monitoring, namely the (1) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system, (2) pressure sensitive walkway (Gaitrite), (3) portable force platform to measure body weight distribution and center of pressure oscillations, and (4) APDM inertial sensors placed in the participants’ thorax and tibia. Physical standardized test alternatives will be used in Greece to gather similar information. Specifically, the physical test battery will include (1) 10 m walk test, (2) Tinetti test, (3) Berg Balance Scale, (4) 30-inch chair stand test, (5) Timed Up and Go test, (6) 2-minute walk test, and (7) balance on 1 leg test. The following test batteries will be used for previsit profiling: (1) for cognitive status measurement, the MMSE or Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and (2) GDS. A neuropsychological evaluation will also be conducted before each session, specifically the (1), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Stroop Test, and Trail Making Test A+B; (2) Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale; (3) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and visual analog stress; (4) Visual Analog Pain Scale; (5) Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; (6) EuroQol-5 dimensions; and (7) Environment Quality and Satisfaction Tool.
The study will run in 2 sessions (session 1 and session 2), and session 1 will comprise 2 options based on the participants’ profiles. The procedures that will be followed in each session are described below.
In session 1 (option A; participants with stroke and aphasia and half of the control participants), after signing the consent form, participants will be asked to wear the tracking and monitoring equipment (smartwatch, eye-tracking glasses, and headphones for audio guide). For each of the 3 chosen works of art, the participants will listen to the description of the work of art (audio version of the written information that accompanies the work), then listen to the adapted description, and answer some questions posed by the on-site assistant who will assess their experience.
For session 1, option B (participants with stroke and no aphasia and half of the control participants), after signing the consent form, participants will be asked to wear the tracking and monitoring equipment (smartwatch and NIRS cap only for Canadian participants). The participants of this group will be asked to walk twice through a predetermined circuit of 6 different works of art (painting or antiquities) and complete a guided tour. In each painting, participants will be instructed to (1) analyze each painting by focusing on the message or intention communicated by the artist, the symbolic meaning, and the composition of the artwork (ie, analytical condition); and (2) view the painting without analysis (ie, control condition).
In session 2 (all participants), participants will be asked to wear the tracking and monitoring equipment (smartwatch) and walk at their own pace on the predetermined tour of the spaces and the built environment of the museum (stairs, elevator, bench, chair, and toilet). Breaks will be provided as needed and requested by participants.
In both data collection sessions, the lived experience of individuals, as well as their opinions regarding the evaluations at the museum, will also be documented to understand the lived experience of all individuals involved.
Researchers from the study, as well as trained research assistants or students, will be present for each session at the museum and will be responsible for the placement of the various forms of technology on the participants and for all data collection.
All sessions will be held face to face, and only 1 participant will be tested at a time. After signing the consent form and completing the previsit testing batteries with a research assistant in a reception room, the participant and their caregiver or companion will go to the museum exhibit hall. Before the museum experience, participants will be equipped with the following devices: in session 1 option A, (1) smartwatch (Apple Watch or Fitbit), (2) headphones for the audio guide, and (3) eye-tracking glasses; in session 1 option B, (1) the NIRS cap for Canadian participants and (2) a smartwatch (Apple Watch or Fitbit); and in session 2, a smartwatch. In each session after the museum visit and the performed activities, the devices will be removed, and participants will return to the reception room, where a brief questionnaire Will be administered. The participants will receive a smartwatch that they will keep until they return in the following week for session 2.
All testing in Canada will be performed at the Montreal Museum of Fine Art, Pavilion for Peace. In Greece, testing will be conducted at the Museum of Casts and Antiquities, School of Philosophy of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
The measurement events in each country will happen for 1 or 2 days in spring to summer of 2022, with a 1-week period between sessions. Session 1 will last a total of approximately 1.5 hours, and session 2 will last approximately a total of 1 hour.
Inductive qualitative content analysis will be conducted to answer RQ1 to RQ3. First, an iterative open coding process will be conducted, and preliminary categorization will be generated to classify the raw data received from the Microsoft Excel file templates, interviews, workshops, and Mentimeter brainstorming. Next, the data will be grouped by reducing the number of categories by grouping similar technologies, methods, tools, and validated scientific questionnaires to identify alternative approaches to execute a certain research task. Finally, abstraction will be conducted to define the main categories and create possible subcategories under each main category. The popularity of the different technologies, methods, tools, and validated scientific questionnaires among VITALISE Living Labs will be identified by calculating frequencies and percentages. To evaluate the acceptance and consensus of the defined harmonized research protocols among VITALISE Living Labs and external harmonization bodies, an iterative web-based Delphi process will be conducted until a supermajority agreement is reached (ie, at least a 70% acceptance rate) [
The
The VITALISE project consortium Living Labs will receive EU funding (under grant agreement 101007990; April 2021 to March 2024) for conducting the proposed study. According to the consortium agreement, each Living Lab is obligated to conduct such a study; therefore, funding is tightly interlinked with the delivery of the proposed study. Users’ (ie, study participants) intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are key drivers of Living Lab research [
Case study 1: Free of charge digital coaching mobile app training program for 8 weeks focusing on improving well-being and social participation in general and how to deal with challenges related to retirement; The monetary fees offered to compensate for the participation costs (eg, traveling) are €20 (US $20.90) to €40 (US $41.80) euros for Austrian participants and €15 (US $15.70) to €20 (US $20.90) for Belgium participants, and internet-connection will be reimbursed on request of participants
Case study 2: Free of charge measurement of personal physical fitness level and cognitive capability
Case study 3: Free of charge use of new services aimed at improving physical, psychological, and emotional health in 2 weekly 30-minute sessions for 8 weeks
Case study 4: Free of charge measurement of personal physical fitness level, including the ability to compare own results with the peer group; for Spain and Hungarian participants, free of charge training program for 8 weeks focusing on improving physical fitness
Case study 5: 2 museum tickets
The VITALISE project will encapsulate multimodal data collection phases toward the development and evaluation of novel supportive interventions related to everyday living environments. As the individuals who will provide the data are the cornerstone of these data collection phases, special attention will be given to the compliance of the collection processes with ethical regulations and guidelines on research involving human beings, as well as on the safety of the sensors, tools, and devices involved, and the protection of personal and health data. Project deliverable
Deliverable D1.2 presents the first plan for the VITALISE project scheduled data collection to be compliant with the reported regulations and guidelines and evaluates potential concerns early to be mitigated effectively through the proper management of ethical and data handling–related issues within each country and between different countries. The D1.2 deliverable will be publicly available after the completion of the European Commission review process (expected publication time will be by the end of 2021). It is highlighted that D1.2 is a living document that will be regularly updated throughout the project, leading to its final version (Deliverable 1.3) on project month 24.
As of September 30, 2021, project deliverables
The outcomes of this study enable Living Labs to exploit similar research protocols, devices, hardware, and software for interventions and complex data collection purposes when developing big data–driven hybrid personas. The harmonized protocols will speed up and improve the research quality and offer novel possibilities for open data sharing, multidisciplinary research, and comparative studies beyond current practices. Researchers will have wider, simplified, and more efficient access and services to Living Lab RIs, irrespective of location. This enables researchers to focus on the research itself instead of managing practical challenges. Economies of scale and improved use of resources across Living Labs have also been realized because of the less duplication of services and common development and optimization of operations.
This study will allow a better understanding of how digital coaching can influence individuals’ well-being and social participation by motivating older adults to practice a healthy lifestyle. Monitoring the effects of AIT’s digital coaching app use may shed light on the capability of a digital coach for helping retirees maintain (and improve) social relationships and activities that could be put at risk by their withdrawal from the workplace. In addition, the results will also allow the optimization of the UX of deployed coaching mobile apps. By setting up this case study at 2 different sites, Belgium and Austria, specific results related to these different social and cultural contexts are also expected.
The results of the randomized controlled trial will show that it is feasible to conduct a randomized controlled trial of yoga in a virtual and sensor-assisted Living Lab environment using the described protocol. Moreover, the collection of novel sensor data from the experiment is expected to provide insightful information about the physical and psychological status of the participants.
The results of this study will allow the analysis of effectiveness, usability, and acceptance of the described Gradior Active intervention. It will state the pillars for evidence-based decision-making on investment in the upgrade and modernization of the prototype; at the same time, it will ensure a final co-design sprint with participants to orient the incremental development plans.
The main results will focus on understanding older adults’ physical fitness levels by defining and testing comprehensive testing patterns in a cross-country setting. Single test results with reference values exist; however, surprisingly, a wider understanding of older adults’ fitness levels is lacking. From prior studies, it is acknowledged that the vast majority of the participants recruited via open calls will be persons with good fitness and functioning levels. Therefore, older adults with lower physical fitness will be recruited from nursing homes to also cover more fragile and less fit older adults. By combining the daily physical activity level sensor measures and physical fitness test results, novel and insightful information about the physical status of the participant can be verified. The perceived UX of the proposed comprehensive physical fitness level research protocol will be compared with a well-established but less comprehensive protocol. It is expected that there will be no significant differences regarding UX; therefore, in the future, a more comprehensive protocol should be applied to reveal a better understanding of the older adults’ physical fitness levels. Furthermore, the pre- and posttraining period physical fitness levels will be compared in the cases of the Spain and Hungary case studies. These results are expected to reveal that the training program affects participants’ physical fitness level as well as provide suggestions from participants on how to improve the training program.
Although this study is exploratory, it is anticipated that museum visits will be associated with (pre and post) changes in mobility (endurance, navigation, posture, and balance) and cognition (attentional control and auditory comprehension in dual tasking) and will generate a well-being effect (positive experiential experience and decrease in anxiety state). Moreover, considering that museums or any public places solicit locomotor capacities (endurance, navigation, posture, and balance), it is expected that the visit will be associated with a greater variation in motor skill, cognition, and well-being in all our most vulnerable groups (stroke) compared with the control group. Finally, the environmental conditions and characteristics that do or do not influence the above variables will be identified. The latter may result in modifications that will favor inclusion and ultimate participation of aging individuals, especially those living with stroke and language limitations.
Austrian Institute of Technology
European Network of Living Labs
European Union
joint research activity
mini mental state examination
near-infrared spectroscopy
research infrastructure
research question
User Experience Questionnaire
user experience
Virtual Health and Wellbeing Living Lab Infrastructure
VITALISE (Virtual Health and Wellbeing Living Lab Infrastructure) is funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Program of the European Union for Research Innovation (grant agreement 101007990).
None declared.