Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; officially identified in January 2020 in Wuhan, China), is now a global pandemic with far-reaching, significant, and unprecedented impacts on human health and everyday life. The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern [1] on January 30, 2020, with many countries globally struggling to adapt to its impact. The closing of schools and small and large businesses, extremely high unemployment rates, and the effects of quarantine are further stressors facing the global population due to COVID-19 [2].

Threats to mental health, psychological safety, and well-being are now emerging, increasing the impact of this virus on world health [3,4]. Over half of survey respondents in China rated the psychological impact of COVID-19 as moderate or severe, with 29% reporting significant anxiety symptoms and 17% reporting significant depressive symptoms [5]; these symptoms persisted after 4 weeks of the COVID-19 epidemic [6]. A number of factors may correlate with psychological impact, including female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (eg, myalgia, dizziness, and coryza), and poor self-rated health status. A recent rapid review of 24 published studies on pandemics reported negative psychological effects, including posttraumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger [7]. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma.

In a study focused on health care workers (HCWs), over half had significant symptoms of depression, approximately 45% showed significant anxiety symptoms, and one-third experienced sleep disturbance and insomnia [8]. Correlates of symptomatology were related to exposure (eg, working in Wuhan, working on the front line) and demographic factors, including gender and occupation (eg, female, nurse). Although an important and inevitable public health measure during a highly infectious disease outbreak, quarantine is associated with a number of negative psychological and social effects (eg, posttraumatic stress, anger, fear, financial loss, and stigma) [7], and may serve as an additional risk factor. The literature describing the psychological impact of natural disasters suggests that a subset of people exposed to natural disasters struggle with clinically significant mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders [9-11]. Several risk factors were identified for the development of psychological conditions after disasters. In addition to the demographic factors described above, these include degree of exposure [12-16], gender [17-20], social stressors (eg, unemployment status [17] or low socioeconomic status [18]), as well as pre-existing mental health conditions [18,21,22].

Even at this early stage of the global pandemic, there is evidence of significant psychological effects among the general population, which may be more pronounced in certain groups (eg, female, socially stressed, frontline worker, pre-existing psychological disorder) [23,24]. Providing support for these challenges is difficult because of the high number of people requiring support in the context of a need to maintain physical distancing.

Mobile health technology offers a unique and innovative solution in this context. Specifically, this tool offers a convenient, cost-effective, and accessible means for implementing population-level interventions. Almost 90% of Canadians own a smartphone [25], and SMS text messaging is free to end users, does not require technical skill for use, and does not require expensive data plans. Text messages are also cost-effective to providers, costing cents per message to deliver.

Supportive text messages are associated with positive outcomes, including the reduction of depressive symptoms, increased abstinence duration in alcohol use disorder, and high user satisfaction, as reported in previous research. For example, in randomized controlled trials (RCT), patients with depression that received supportive text messages showed symptom reduction on a standardized self-report when compared to a similar patient group that did not receive text messages (with large effect sizes: Cohen d=0.85, Cohen d=0.67) [26,27]. In another RCT, to evaluate the effectiveness of an addiction-related supportive SMS text messaging mobile intervention in improving treatment outcomes for patients with alcohol use disorder, small to moderate effects were found for the cumulative abstinence duration. In addition, the intervention group's mean time to first day to drink was over twice the length of that of the control group (60 versus 26 days, respectively) [27]. In two user satisfaction surveys, over 80% of subscribers reported that a supportive SMS text messaging program improved their mental health [27,28]. Subscribers reported text messages made them feel more hopeful about managing issues (82%), in charge of managing depression and anxiety (77%,), and connected to a support system (75%); in addition, such messages improved their overall mental wellbeing (83%) [27].

This protocol describes the implementation of the Text4Hope program (a low-cost, evidence-based, supportive SMS text messaging service) in Canada. The objective of the project is to implement a self-subscribing daily supportive text message program (Text4Hope) to close the psychological treatment gap and reduce anxiety and stress related to the COVID-19 crisis among Canadians. Our research questions include the following: (1) What are the prevalence rates of stress, anxiety, obsessive compulsive, and depressive symptoms in Canada related to the COVID-19 crisis? (2) What are the demographic correlates of stress, anxiety, obsessive compulsive, and depressive symptoms? (3) Will the Text4Hope program help reduce stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among Canadians experiencing psychological distress as a result of the COVID-19 crisis?

In the Text4Hope program, individuals self-subscribe to receive daily supportive text messages for 3 months by texting “COVID19HOPE” to 393939. The messages are aligned with a cognitive behavioral framework, with content written by mental health therapists as well as our research team members (authors MH and VIOA). The following is an example of the messages sent: “When bad things happen that we can’t control, we often focus on the things we can’t change. Focus on what you can control; what you can do to help yourself (or someone else) today” [29]. The messages are preprogrammed into an online software that delivers messages at 9 AM each morning. At the onset of the first message, respondents are welcomed to the service and are invited to complete an online baseline survey capturing demographic information; COVID-19–related self-isolation/quarantine information; and responses on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale [30], Perceived Stress Scale [31], and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [32]. Survey questions were programmed into SelectSurvey.net, an online survey tool operated by the Alberta Health Services Evaluation Services Team. No incentives are offered to respondents. Participation in the program is entirely voluntary, and completion of the survey was not a prerequisite requirement to receive supportive text messages. Subscribers may opt out at any time by texting “STOP” to 393939. Survey responses will be stored within our regional health system (Alberta Health Services) Select Survey account, and data will be exported, stored, and maintained by the Research and Evaluation team within our health region. The supportive SMS text messaging project subscriber recruitment plan was based on the success of a Text4Mood program in Alberta that was launched in response to the Fort McMurray wildfire disaster in 2016. Text4Hope has been the subject of a wide-exposure communications campaign (TV, radio, internet, and print media), including the local provincial mental health foundation, the single provincial government health care provider Alberta Health Services (AHS). Additionally, Text4Hope was the subject of a specific COVID-19 mental health support media release by the Provincial Chief Medical Officer [33]. Ethics approval has been granted by the University of Alberta Health Research Ethics Board (Pro00086163).

Based on previous experience using the technology, (ie, >10,000 recipients within 6 months), we expect about 300,000 Canadians to subscribe to the Text4Hope program over the next 6 months. Based on a response rate of 21.7% for our prior Text4Mood survey [27], we anticipate around 20,000 responses to the Text4Hope surveys per 100,000 subscribers.

The primary outcome is changed scores at 6 and 12 weeks from baseline on the Perceived Stress, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 scales. The secondary outcomes are the following: (1) changes in prevalence rates for perceived stress, anxiety, and depression from the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic to a later phase, as measured with the Perceived Stress, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 scales, respectively; (2) the interaction between primary outcomes and the demographic characteristics of subscribers as well as the date of subscription to Text4Hope relative to the phase of the pandemic in Alberta; and (3) subscriber satisfaction/experience.

The first stage involved the creation and review of the supportive text messages (targeting stress and anxiety-related concerns to COVID-19), and the programming of the messages into the software. This stage was completed on March 20, 2020. The second stage involved the launch of the Text4Hope program, which occurred on March 23, 2020. The remainder of the project will be focused on data analysis and reporting.

Our hypotheses, based on previous research, are as follows: (1) High rates of stress, anxiety, and depression will be reported, affecting one-third to half of the general population; the 1-week prevalence rates for these disorders will increase as the pandemic continues, compared to rates in the early phase. (2) Specific risk factors will be found for the experience of distress during the pandemic, such as female gender, risk of exposure, and social determinants of health (eg, employment, housing). (3) The intervention will result in a 25% or greater reduction in perceived stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms (as measured by the Perceived Stress, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 scales) at 6 and 12 weeks from baseline. (4) At least 80% of subscribers will express satisfaction with the Text4Hope program and perceive the daily supportive text messages as contributing to their overall mental well-being.